Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin |

Alexander Borodin

Nyimbo za Borodin ... zimakondweretsa kumverera kwamphamvu, kumveka bwino, kuwala; ali ndi mpweya wamphamvu, kukula, m'lifupi, danga; ali ndi mgwirizano wathanzi kumverera kwa moyo, chimwemwe kuchokera kuzindikira kuti mukukhala. B. Asafiev

A. Borodin ndi m'modzi mwa oyimira odziwika bwino a chikhalidwe cha ku Russia cha m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX: wopeka wanzeru, katswiri wamankhwala wodziwika bwino, wodziwika bwino pagulu, mphunzitsi, wochititsa, wotsutsa nyimbo, adawonetsanso zolemba zapamwamba. talente. Komabe, Borodin adalowa m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha dziko monga wolemba nyimbo. Sanalenge ntchito zambiri, koma zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuya ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu, mgwirizano wazakale wamitundu. Ambiri aiwo amalumikizidwa ndi epic yaku Russia, ndi nkhani ya ngwazi za anthu. Borodin alinso ndi masamba a mawu ochokera pansi pamtima, owona mtima, nthabwala ndi nthabwala zofatsa sizili zachilendo kwa iye. Nyimbo za woimbayo zimadziwika ndi mafotokozedwe ambiri, kumveka bwino (Borodin anali ndi luso lotha kulemba nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu), maonekedwe okongola, komanso chilakolako chogwira ntchito. Kupitiliza miyambo ya M Glinka, makamaka sewero lake "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila", Borodin adapanga symphony ya Russian epic, komanso kuvomereza mtundu wa zisudzo zaku Russia.

Borodin anabadwa kuchokera ku ukwati wosavomerezeka wa Prince L. Gedianov ndi Russian bourgeois A. Antonova. Analandira dzina lake ndi patronymic kuchokera ku bwalo la munthu Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, yemwe mwana wake adalembedwa.

Chifukwa cha malingaliro ndi mphamvu za amayi ake, mnyamatayo adalandira maphunziro apamwamba kunyumba ndipo ali mwana adawonetsa luso lotha kusintha. Nyimbo zake zinali zokopa kwambiri. Anaphunzira kuimba chitoliro, piyano, cello, kumvetsera mwachidwi ntchito za symphonic, anaphunzira paokha mabuku oimba akale, atabwereza nyimbo zonse za L. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn ndi bwenzi lake Misha Shchiglev. Anasonyezanso luso lopeka msanga. Zoyesera zake zoyamba zinali polka "Helene" ya piyano, Chitoliro Concerto, Trio ya ma violins awiri ndi cello pamitu yochokera ku opera "Robert Mdyerekezi" ndi J. Meyerbeer (4). M'zaka zomwezo, Borodin anayamba kukonda chemistry. Pouza V. Stasov za ubwenzi wake ndi Sasha Borodin, M. Shchiglev anakumbukira kuti "osati chipinda chake chokha, koma pafupifupi nyumba yonseyo inali yodzaza ndi mitsuko, kubwezera ndi mitundu yonse ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kulikonse pa mazenera anaima mitsuko ndi zosiyanasiyana crystalline njira. Achibale adanena kuti kuyambira ali mwana Sasha nthawi zonse amakhala wotanganidwa ndi chinachake.

Mu 1850, Borodin anapambana mayeso a Medico-Opaleshoni (kuyambira 1881 Military Medical) Academy ku St. Kulankhulana ndi wasayansi wotsogola waku Russia N. Zinin, yemwe adaphunzitsa mwaluso maphunziro a chemistry kusukuluyo, adachita maphunziro amunthu payekha mu labotale ndipo adawona wolowa m'malo mwa mnyamata waluso, adakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a umunthu wa Borodin. Sasha nayenso ankakonda mabuku, makamaka ankakonda ntchito za A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, ntchito za V. Belinsky, kuwerenga nkhani zafilosofi m'magazini. Nthawi yaulere kuchokera kusukuluyi idaperekedwa ku nyimbo. Borodin nthawi zambiri ankapezeka pamisonkhano yanyimbo, kumene A. Gurilev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa ankaimba nyimbo zachi Russia, zoimbaimba za ku Italy zomwe zinkachitika panthawiyo; nthawi zonse ankayendera madzulo a quartet ndi woimba wamasewera I. Gavrushkevich, nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali ngati woyimba nyimbo zoimbira zida za chipinda. M'zaka zomwezo, iye anadziwa ntchito za Glinka. Nyimbo zomveka bwino, zakuya za dziko zinagwira ndi kukopa mnyamatayo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo wakhala wokonda wokhulupirika ndi wotsatira wa wolemba wamkulu. Zonsezi zimamulimbikitsa kuti azilenga. Borodin amagwira ntchito zambiri payekha kuti adziwe luso la woimbayo, akulemba nyimbo zomveka mumzimu wachikondi cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha m'tawuni ("Muli chiyani m'bandakucha"; "Tamverani, atsikana, nyimbo yanga"; "Mtsikana wokongola adagwa chikondi"), komanso ma trios angapo a violin awiri ndi cello (kuphatikiza pamutu wanyimbo ya anthu aku Russia "Ndinakukwiyitsani bwanji"), chingwe Quintet, ndi zina zotero. nyimbo za ku Western Europe, makamaka Mendelssohn, zikuwonekerabe. Mu 1856, Borodin adapambana mayeso ake omaliza ndi mitundu yowuluka, ndipo kuti apambane mchitidwe wokakamizidwa wachipatala adatumizidwa ku Chipatala Chachiwiri cha Military Land; mu 1858 iye bwinobwino kuteteza dissertation wake kwa digiri ya udokotala wa mankhwala, ndipo patatha chaka anatumizidwa kunja ndi sukulu kuti patsogolo sayansi.

Borodin anakakhala ku Heidelberg, komwe panthawiyo asayansi achichepere aku Russia amitundu yosiyanasiyana adasonkhana, omwe anali D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky ndi ena, omwe adakhala mabwenzi a Borodin ndi kupanga. pa zomwe zimatchedwa "Heidelberg Circle. Kusonkhana pamodzi, sanakambirane mavuto a sayansi okha, komanso nkhani za chikhalidwe cha ndale, nkhani za mabuku ndi luso; Kolokol ndi Sovremennik anawerengedwa apa, malingaliro a A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov anamveka pano.

Borodin amachita kwambiri sayansi. Pazaka zitatu zakukhala kunja, adachita ntchito 3 zoyambirira zamankhwala, zomwe zidamupangitsa kutchuka kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito mwayi uliwonse kuti ayende kuzungulira ku Ulaya. Wasayansi wamng'ono anadziwa moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a Germany, Italy, France ndi Switzerland. Koma nthawi zonse nyimbo zimamutsatira. Ankasewerabe nyimbo mwachidwi kunyumba ndipo sanaphonye mwayi wopita ku ma concerts a symphony, nyumba za opera, motero adadziwa bwino ntchito zambiri za olemba nyimbo za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz . Mu 8, ku Heidelberg, Borodin anakumana ndi mkazi wake wam'tsogolo, E. Protopopova, woimba piyano waluso komanso wodziwa nyimbo zachi Russia, yemwe adalimbikitsa kwambiri nyimbo za F. Chopin ndi R. Schumann. Nyimbo zatsopano zimalimbikitsa luso la Borodin, kumuthandiza kuti adzizindikire ngati wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia. Amafufuza mosalekeza njira zake, zithunzi zake ndi zida zoimbira nyimbo, kupanga zida zoimbira zachipinda. Pa zabwino kwambiri za iwo - limba Quintet mu C wamng'ono (1861) - munthu akhoza kumva mphamvu zonse zamphamvu ndi melodiousness, ndi mtundu wowala dziko. Ntchitoyi, titero, ikufotokoza mwachidule za luso lakale la Borodin.

M'dzinja 1862 iye anabwerera ku Russia, anasankhidwa pulofesa pa Medico-Opaleshoni Academy, kumene lectured ndi kuchititsa makalasi zothandiza ndi ophunzira mpaka mapeto a moyo wake; kuyambira 1863 adaphunzitsanso kwakanthawi ku Forest Academy. Anayambanso kufufuza kwatsopano kwa mankhwala.

Atangobwerera kudziko lakwawo, m'nyumba ya pulofesa S. Botkin, Borodin anakumana ndi M. Balakirev, yemwe, ndi chidziwitso chake cha khalidwe, nthawi yomweyo anayamikira luso la kupanga la Borodin ndipo anauza wasayansi wamng'ono kuti nyimbo ndi ntchito yake yeniyeni. Borodin ndi membala wa bwalo, lomwe, kuwonjezera pa Balakirev, linaphatikizapo C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov ndi wotsutsa zojambulajambula V. Stasov. Choncho, kupangidwa kwa gulu la kulenga la olemba Russian, omwe amadziwika m'mbiri ya nyimbo pansi pa dzina lakuti "Mighty Handful", anamaliza. Motsogozedwa ndi Balakirev Borodin akupitiriza kulenga Symphony Choyamba. Inamalizidwa mu 1867, idachitidwa bwino pa January 4, 1869 pa msonkhano wa RMS ku St. Petersburg wochitidwa ndi Balakirev. Mu ntchito iyi, kulenga fano la Borodin potsiriza anatsimikiza - ngwazi kukula, mphamvu, tingachipeze powerenga mgwirizano wa mawonekedwe, kuwala, kutsitsimuka kwa nyimbo, kuchuluka kwa mitundu, chiyambi cha zithunzi. Maonekedwe a symphony iyi ndi chiyambi cha kukhwima kwa kulenga kwa woimbayo ndi kubadwa kwa chikhalidwe chatsopano mu nyimbo za symphonic za ku Russia.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 60s. Borodin amapanga zibwenzi zingapo zosiyana kwambiri pa nkhani ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo - "The Sleeping Princess", "Song of the Dark Forest", "The Sea Princess", "False Note", "My Songs Are Full of Poizoni”, “Nyanja”. Ambiri a iwo amalembedwa m’mawu awoawo.

Kumapeto kwa 60s. Borodin anayamba kupanga Second Symphony ndi opera Prince Igor. Stasov anapereka Borodin chipilala chodabwitsa cha mabuku akale a ku Russia, The Tale of Igor's Campaign, monga chiwembu cha zisudzo. "Nkhaniyi ndimakonda kwambiri. Kodi zikhala mwa mphamvu zathu zokha? .. "Ndiyesa," Borodin anayankha Stasov. Lingaliro lokonda dziko la Lay ndi mzimu wake wowerengeka anali pafupi kwambiri ndi Borodin. Chiwembu cha zisudzo mwangwiro zikugwirizana ndi zodziwika bwino za luso lake, tcheru zake zambiri generalizations, zithunzi epic ndi chidwi chake East. Opera inalengedwa pa nkhani zenizeni za mbiri yakale, ndipo zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti Borodin akwaniritse chilengedwe cha anthu owona, owona. Amaphunzira magwero ambiri okhudzana ndi "Mawu" ndi nthawi imeneyo. Izi ndi mbiri, ndi mbiri mbiri, maphunziro a "Mawu", Russian epic nyimbo, nyimbo kum'mawa. Borodin analemba libretto kwa opera yekha.

Komabe, kulemba kunapita patsogolo pang’onopang’ono. Chifukwa chachikulu ndi ntchito za sayansi, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Iye anali m'gulu la oyambitsa ndi oyambitsa Russian Chemical Society, ntchito mu Society of Madokotala Russian, mu Society for the Protection of Public Health, anatenga gawo mu buku la "Knowledge" magazini, anali membala wa oyang'anira. a RMO, adagwira nawo ntchito ya kwaya ndi okhestra ya ophunzira a St. Medical-Surgical Academy.

Mu 1872, Maphunziro a Zachipatala Aakazi Apamwamba adatsegulidwa ku St. Borodin anali mmodzi mwa okonza ndi aphunzitsi a bungwe loyamba la maphunziro apamwamba a akazi, anamupatsa nthawi yambiri ndi khama. Kupangidwa kwa Symphony Yachiwiri kunamalizidwa kokha mu 1876. Symphony inalengedwa mofanana ndi opera "Prince Igor" ndipo ili pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe zili m'maganizo, chikhalidwe cha zithunzi za nyimbo. Mu nyimbo za symphony Borodin amakwaniritsa zokongola zokongola, konkriti wa zithunzi za nyimbo. Malinga ndi Stasov, ankafuna kujambula gulu la ngwazi za ku Russia pa 1 koloko, ku Andante (3 koloko) - chithunzi cha Bayan, pamapeto pake - malo a phwando lachikondwerero. Dzina lakuti "Bogatyrskaya", lomwe linaperekedwa kwa symphony ya Stasov, linali lokhazikika mmenemo. Simphoniyi inayamba kuchitidwa pa konsati ya RMS ku St. Petersburg pa February 26, 1877, yoyendetsedwa ndi E. Napravnik.

Chakumapeto kwa 70s - koyambirira kwa 80s. Borodin amapanga 2 zingwe quartets, kukhala, pamodzi ndi P. Tchaikovsky, woyambitsa Russian classic chamber nyimbo zoimbira. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali Quartet Yachiwiri, yomwe nyimbo zake ndi mphamvu ndi chilakolako zimawonetsa dziko lolemera la zochitika zamaganizo, kuwonetsa mbali yowala ya talente ya Borodin.

Komabe, vuto lalikulu linali opera. Ngakhale kuti anali wotanganidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi kukhazikitsa maganizo a nyimbo zina, Prince Igor anali pakati pa zokonda kulenga wa wolemba. Mu 70s. zochitika zingapo zofunika zidapangidwa, zina zomwe zidachitika m'makonsati a Free Music School ochitidwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov ndipo adapeza yankho lachikondi kuchokera kwa omvera. Sewero la nyimbo za Polovtsian kuvina ndi kwaya, kwaya ("Ulemerero", etc.), komanso manambala payekha (nyimbo Vladimir Galitsky, Vladimir Igorevich cavatina, Konchak's aria, Yaroslavna's Maliro) anachita chidwi kwambiri. Zambiri zidakwaniritsidwa kumapeto kwa 70s ndi koyambirira kwa 80s. Anzake anali kuyembekezera kutha kwa ntchito ya operayo ndipo anachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti athandizepo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80. Borodin analemba symphonic mphambu "Ku Central Asia", manambala atsopano angapo a opera ndi angapo achikondi, pakati pawo elegy pa Art. A. Pushkin "Kwa magombe a dziko lakutali." M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, iye anagwira ntchito pa Third Symphony (mwatsoka, yosamalizidwa), analemba Petite Maapatimenti ndi Scherzo kwa piyano, ndipo anapitiriza ntchito pa opera.

Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale ku Russia mu 80s. - kuyambika kwa kukhudzidwa koopsa, kuzunzidwa kwa chikhalidwe chapamwamba, nkhanza zamwano zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, kutsekedwa kwa maphunziro azachipatala a amayi - zidakhudza kwambiri wolemba nyimboyo. Zinakhala zovuta kwambiri kulimbana ndi zotsutsana ndi sukuluyi, ntchito zinawonjezeka, ndipo thanzi linayamba kulephera. Borodin ndi imfa ya anthu omwe anali pafupi naye, Zinin, Mussorgsky anakumana ndi zovuta. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulankhulana ndi achinyamata - ophunzira ndi ogwira nawo ntchito - kunam'bweretsera chisangalalo chachikulu; Bwalo la anzawo oimba nawonso linakula kwambiri: amapita ku "Belyaev Fridays" mofunitsitsa, amadziŵa bwino A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov ndi oimba ena achichepere. Anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi misonkhano yake ndi F. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), yemwe adayamikira kwambiri ntchito ya Borodin ndikulimbikitsa ntchito zake.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80. kutchuka kwa Borodin wolemba nyimbo kukukula. ntchito zake ikuchitika nthawi zambiri ndipo anazindikira osati Russia, komanso kunja: Germany, Austria, France, Norway, ndi America. Ntchito zake zidapambana bwino ku Belgium (1885, 1886). Adakhala m'modzi mwa olemba nyimbo otchuka kwambiri aku Russia ku Europe chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX komanso koyambirira kwa XNUMX.

Borodin atangomwalira mwadzidzidzi, Rimsky-Korsakov ndi Glazunov anaganiza zokonzekera ntchito zake zosamalizidwa kuti zifalitsidwe. Anamaliza ntchito pa opera: Glazunov adakonzanso zomwe adazikumbukira (monga momwe Borodin adakonzera) ndipo adalemba nyimbo ya Act III potengera zojambula za wolemba, Rimsky-Korsakov adayimba manambala ambiri a opera. October 23, 1890 Prince Igor anachitidwa pa Mariinsky Theatre. Sewerolo linalandiridwa ndi manja awiri ndi omvera. "Opera Igor m'njira zambiri ndi mlongo weniweni wa Glinka wamkulu opera Ruslan," analemba Stasov. - "Ili ndi mphamvu yofananira ya ndakatulo zamakedzana, kukula komweko kwazithunzi ndi zojambula za anthu, kujambula kodabwitsa komweko kwa anthu ndi umunthu, kukongola komweko kwa mawonekedwe onse, ndipo pamapeto pake, nthabwala zamtundu wotere (Skula ndi Eroshka) zomwe zimaposa. ngakhale nthabwala za Farlaf” .

Ntchito ya Borodin inakhudza kwambiri mibadwo yambiri ya olemba Russian ndi akunja (kuphatikizapo Glazunov, Lyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, ndi ena). Ndi kunyada kwa nyimbo zachikale zaku Russia.

A. Kuznetsova

• Moyo wa nyimbo za Borodin →