Erich Kleiber |

Eric Kleiber

"Ntchito ya Erich Kleiber ikadali patali kwambiri, chiyembekezo chake sichikudziwika, ndipo ngati munthu wosokonekerayu pakukula kwake kopitilira muyeso sizikudziwika," adalemba wotsutsa waku Germany Adolf Weismann mu 1825, akudabwa kwambiri ndi kukwera kodabwitsa kwa wojambula, yemwe panthawiyi anali kale ngati "wotsogolera nyimbo wamkulu" wa Berlin State Opera. Ndipo m'poyenera, panali chifukwa chodzudzula kuti asokonezeke poyang'ana njira yaifupi koma yothamanga ya Kleiber. Ndinachita chidwi ndi kulimba mtima kodabwitsa kwa wojambulayo, kutsimikiza mtima kwake ndi kusasinthasintha pogonjetsa zovuta, poyandikira ntchito zatsopano.

Mbadwa ya Vienna, Kleiber anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Prague Conservatory ndipo analembedwa ganyu monga wothandizira wochititsa pa nyumba ya opera. Izi ndi zomwe mnzake wamng'ono Georg Sebastian akunena za sitepe yoyamba yodziimira yekha: "Nthawi ina Erich Kleiber (panthawiyo anali asanakwanitse zaka makumi awiri) adalowa m'malo mwa wochititsa mwadzidzidzi wa Prague Opera mu Wagner's The Flying Dutchman. Atafika pakati pa chigolicho, zidapezeka kuti masamba pafupifupi khumi ndi asanu adalumikizidwa mwamphamvu. Ena mwa anthu ansanje (zowonetserako nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodzaza nawo) ankafuna kuchita nthabwala zankhanza ndi mnyamata waluso. Ansanje, komabe, adalakwitsa. Nthabwalayo sinagwire ntchito. Kondakitala wachinyamatayo anaponya zigolizo pansi chifukwa chokhumudwa ndipo anachita zonse pamtima. Madzulo osaiwalika amenewo ndi chiyambi cha ntchito yabwino ya Erich Kleiber, yemwe posakhalitsa adanyadira malo ku Ulaya pafupi ndi Otto Klemperer ndi Bruno Walter. Pambuyo pa gawoli, "mbiri" ya Kleiber idawonjezeredwanso kuchokera ku 1912 ndi ntchito ku nyumba za opera za Darmstadt, Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Mannheim, ndipo, potsiriza, mu 1923 anayamba ntchito yake ku Berlin. Nthawi yomwe iye anali mtsogoleri wa State Opera inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri m'moyo wake. Motsogozedwa ndi Kleiber, njirayo idawonedwa koyamba pano, ma opera ambiri ofunikira amakono, kuphatikiza Wozzeck wolemba A. Berg ndi Christopher Columbus wolemba D. Milhaud, ma premieres aku Germany a Jenufa ndi Janicek, olembedwa ndi Stravinsky, Krenek ndi olemba ena. . Koma pamodzi ndi izi, Klaiber anaperekanso zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za kutanthauzira kwa zisudzo zakale, makamaka Beethoven, Mozart, Verdi, Rossini, R. Strauss ndi ntchito zomwe sizinkachitika kawirikawiri ndi Weber, Schubert, Wagner ("Chikondi Choletsedwa"), Lorzing ("The Poacher"). Ndipo amene anamva operettas Johann Strauss motsogozedwa ndi iye, anakhalabe wosaiwalika za zisudzo izi, wodzaza mwatsopano ndi ulemu.

Osati okha ntchito mu Berlin, Kleiber pa nthawi yomweyo anapambana kutchuka padziko lonse, kuyendera m'malo onse akuluakulu a ku Ulaya ndi America. Mu 1927, iye anafika koyamba ku USSR ndipo nthawi yomweyo anapambana chifundo cha omvera Soviet. Ntchito za Haydn, Schumann, Weber, Respighi zidachitika m'mapulogalamu a Kleiber, adatsogolera Carmen mu zisudzo. Imodzi mwa zoimbaimba wojambula anapereka kwathunthu nyimbo Russian - ntchito Tchaikovsky, Scriabin, Stravinsky. “Zinatheka,” analemba motero wotsutsayo, “kuti Kleiber, kuwonjezera pa kukhala woimba wabwino kwambiri wokhala ndi luso lapamwamba la okhestra, ali ndi mbali imene anthu otchuka ambiri alibe: kukhoza kuloŵa mzimu wa chikhalidwe cha mawu achilendo. Chifukwa cha luso limeneli, Kleiber anakhoza bwino kwambiri zigoli zimene anasankha, kuzidziŵa bwino kwambiri moti zinkaoneka ngati tikuyang’anizana ndi wotsogolera wina wodziwika bwino wa ku Russia pabwalo.

Pambuyo pake, Klaiber nthawi zambiri ankaimba m'dziko lathu ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zonse ankakhala ndi kupambana koyenera. Nthawi yomaliza adayendera USSR mu 1936, atachoka ku Germany. Posakhalitsa, wojambulayo anakhazikika ku South America kwa nthawi yaitali. Likulu la ntchito yake linali Buenos Aires, komwe Klaiber adatenganso malo otchuka m'moyo wanyimbo monga ku Berlin, amatsogolera zisudzo ku Colon Theatre ndi makonsati ambiri. Kuyambira 1943, adagwiranso ntchito ku likulu la Cuba - Havana. Ndipo mu 1948 woimba anabwerera ku Ulaya. Mizinda ikuluikulu idamenya nkhondo kuti Klaiber akhale wotsogolera wokhazikika. Koma mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake adakhalabe woyimba mlendo, akusewera kontinenti yonse, kuchita nawo zikondwerero zazikulu za nyimbo - kuchokera ku Edinburgh kupita ku Prague. Kleiber mobwerezabwereza anachita zoimbaimba ku German Democratic Republic, atatsala pang'ono kumwalira iye anachita zisudzo mu zisudzo ankakonda - German State Opera ku Berlin, komanso Dresden.

Luso lopepuka komanso lokonda moyo la Erich Kleiber likujambulidwa pamarekodi ambiri a galamafoni; mwa ntchito zolembedwa ndi iye ndi opera The Free Gunner, The Cavalier of the Roses ndi ntchito zingapo zazikulu za symphonic. Malingana ndi iwo, womvera akhoza kuyamikira zinthu zabwino kwambiri za luso la wojambula - kuzindikira kwake mozama pa chiyambi cha ntchitoyo, mawonekedwe ake a mawonekedwe, kutsirizitsa bwino kwambiri, kukhulupirika kwa malingaliro ake ndi kuthekera kwake kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsidwa kwake.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek