Carlos Kleiber |

Carlos Kleiber

Kleiber ndi imodzi mwazosangalatsa komanso nyimbo zosangalatsa zanthawi yathu ino. Repertoire yake ndi yaying'ono ndipo imangokhala ndi maudindo angapo. Sapezeka kuseri kwa console, samalumikizana ndi anthu, otsutsa komanso atolankhani. Komabe, chilichonse mwazochita zake ndi phunziro limodzi mwaukadaulo waluso komanso luso loyendetsa. Dzina lake lili kale m'nthano.

Mu 1995, Carlos Kleiber adakondwerera tsiku lake lobadwa la makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi zisanu ndi sewero la Der Rosenkavalier la Richard Strauss, pafupifupi mosapambanitsa pakutanthauzira kwake. Nyuzipepala ya likulu la dziko la Austria inalemba kuti: “Palibe aliyense padziko lapansi amene anakopeka ndi otsogolera, mamenejala, ojambula oimba ndi anthu onse monga Carlos Kleiber, ndipo palibe amene anayesa kupeŵa zonsezi monga momwe anachitira. Palibe owongolera a gulu lapamwamba chotere, akungoyang'ana pagulu laling'ono lotere, lomwe adaphunzira ndikuchita mwangwiro, sangakwaniritse zolipiritsa zapamwamba kwambiri.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti timadziwa zochepa kwambiri za Carlos Kleiber. Ngakhale zochepa zomwe tikudziwa kuti Kleiber, yemwe amakhala kunja kwa nthawi yowonekera m'malo owonetserako zisudzo ndi m'malo ochitirako konsati. Chikhumbo chake chofuna kukhala m'malo achinsinsi komanso osakhazikika ndi cholimba. Zowonadi, pali mtundu wina wosamvetsetseka wosiyanitsa pakati pa umunthu wake, womwe umatha kupanga zodziwikiratu zodabwitsa muzolemba, kulowa zinsinsi zake zamkati ndikuzipereka kwa omvera omwe amamukonda kumisala, komanso kufunikira kopewa ngakhale pang'ono. kukhudzana ndi izo koma anthu, otsutsa, atolankhani, kukana kolimba kulipira mtengo umene ojambula onse ayenera kulipira kuti apambane kapena kutchuka padziko lonse.

Makhalidwe ake alibe chochita ndi snobbery ndi mawerengedwe. Amene amamudziwa mozama amalankhula za kaso, pafupifupi coquetry diabolocal. Komabe patsogolo pa chikhumbo chimenechi chofuna kuteteza moyo wake wamkati ku kusokonezedwa kulikonse ndi mzimu wonyada ndi manyazi osatsutsika.

Mbali imeneyi ya umunthu Klaiber tingaone mu nkhani zambiri za moyo wake. Koma adadziwonetsera kwambiri mu ubale ndi Herbert von Karajan. Kleiber wakhala akusilira kwambiri Karajan ndipo tsopano, ali ku Salzburg, saiwala kupita kumanda kumene wotsogolera wamkulu waikidwa. Mbiri ya ubale wawo inali yachilendo komanso yayitali. Mwina zitithandiza kumvetsa maganizo ake.

Poyamba, Kleiber ankadziona kuti ndi wovuta komanso wamanyazi. Pamene Karajan anali kuyeserera, Kleiber anafika ku Festspielhaus ku Salzburg ndipo anaima kwa maola ambiri osagwira ntchito m’khonde lopita kuchipinda chobvala cha Karajan. Mwachibadwa, chikhumbo chake chinali choloŵa m’holo imene wotsogolera wamkulu anali kuyeserera. Koma sanautulutse. Anakhala moyang'anizana ndi khomo ndikudikirira. Manyazi anamufooketsa, ndipo mwina sakanayerekeza kuloŵa m’holoyo ngati wina sanamuitane kuti akakhale nawo pa mayeserowo, akumadziŵa bwino lomwe ulemu umene Karajan anali nawo kwa iye.

Zowonadi, Karajan adayamika kwambiri Klaiber chifukwa cha luso lake monga wotsogolera. Akamakamba za okonda kondakitala ena, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi analoŵa mawu ena amene anachititsa osonkhanawo kuseka kapena kumwetulira. Sananenepo mawu amodzi okhudza Kleiber popanda ulemu waukulu.

Pamene ubale wawo unakula, Karajan anachita zonse kuti Klaiber apite ku Salzburg Festival, koma nthawi zonse ankapewa. Pa nthawi ina, zinkaoneka kuti mfundo imeneyi yatsala pang’ono kukwaniritsidwa. Kleiber anali wotsogolera "Magic Shooter", zomwe zidamupangitsa kupambana kwakukulu m'mizinda yambiri ku Europe. Pa nthawiyi, iye ndi Karajan analemberana makalata. Kleiber analemba kuti: “Ndine wosangalala kubwera ku Salzburg, koma cholinga changa chachikulu ndi ichi: Muyenera kundipatsa malo anu pamalo oimika magalimoto apadera a chikondwererochi. Karayan anamuyankha kuti: “Ndimavomereza chilichonse. Ndidzakhala wokondwa kuyenda kuti ndikuwoneni ku Salzburg, ndipo, ndithudi, malo anga pamalo oimika magalimoto ndi anu.

Kwa zaka zambiri ankasewera masewerawa, omwe amachitira umboni kuti amamverana chisoni ndipo anabweretsa mzimu wake pa zokambirana zokhudzana ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa Kleiber ku Salzburg Festival. Zinali zofunika kwa onse awiri, koma sizinawonekere.

Zinanenedwa kuti chiwongola dzanjacho chinali cholakwa, zomwe sizowona, chifukwa Salzburg nthawi zonse amalipira ndalama iliyonse kuti apeze ojambula ku chikondwererochi chomwe Karajan adayamikira. Chiyembekezo chofananizidwa ndi Karajan mumzinda wake chinapangitsa kudzikayikira komanso manyazi ku Klaiber pamene maestro anali moyo. Pamene kondakitala wamkulu anamwalira mu July 1989, Kleiber anasiya kudandaula za vutoli, sanapitirire bwalo lake mwachizolowezi ndipo sanawonekere mu Salzburg.

Podziwa zochitika zonsezi, n'zosavuta kuganiza kuti Carlos Klaiber ndi wozunzidwa ndi neurosis amene sangathe kudzimasula yekha. Ambiri ayesera kusonyeza izi chifukwa cha ubale ndi abambo ake, wotchuka Erich Kleiber, yemwe anali mmodzi wa otsogolera akuluakulu a theka loyamba la zaka za zana lathu ndipo adagwira ntchito yaikulu pakupanga Carlos.

Chinachake, chaching'ono kwambiri, chinalembedwa ponena za kusakhulupirira kwa mwana wake talente koyamba. Koma ndani, kupatulapo Carlos Kleiber yekha (yemwe samatsegula pakamwa pake), akhoza kunena zoona pa zomwe zinali kuchitika mu moyo wa mnyamata? Ndani angathe kuloŵa mu tanthauzo lenileni la ndemanga zina, ziweruzo zina zoipa za atate za mwana wake?

Carlos mwiniyo nthawi zonse ankalankhula za abambo ake mwachikondi chachikulu. Kumapeto kwa moyo wa Erich, pamene maso ake anali kulephera, Carlos anamuyimbira piyano makonzedwe ambiri. Zomverera zaubwana nthawi zonse zimakhalabe ndi mphamvu pa iye. Carlos analankhula mokondwera za zomwe zinachitika ku Vienna Opera pamene adayendetsa Rosenkavalier kumeneko. Analandira kalata yochokera kwa munthu woonerera amene analemba kuti: “Wokondedwa Erich, ndine wokondwa kwambiri kuti ukuchititsa Staatsoper zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake. Ndine wokondwa kuzindikira kuti simunasinthe pang'ono ndipo m'kutanthauzira kwanu mukukhala ndi luntha lomwe ndidasilira m'masiku a unyamata wathu.

Mu ndakatulo ya Carlos Kleiber pali moyo weniweni, wodabwitsa wa Chijeremani, kalembedwe kochititsa chidwi komanso chisokonezo chosakhazikika, chomwe chili ndi chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri pa icho ndipo, pamene akuchititsa The Bat, amakumbukira Felix Krul, ngwazi ya. Thomas Mann, ndi masewera ake ndi nthabwala zodzaza ndi tchuthi.

Kamodzi zinachitika kuti mu zisudzo ina panali chithunzi "Mkazi wopanda mthunzi" Richard Strauss, ndipo wochititsa pa mphindi yomaliza anakana kuchita. Kleiber anali pafupi, ndipo wotsogolera anati: "Maestro, tikukufunani kuti mupulumutse "Mkazi Wopanda Mthunzi". “Tangoganizani,” anayankha motero Klaiber, “kuti sindinamvetse ngakhale liwu limodzi la libretto. Tangoganizani mu nyimbo! Lumikizanani ndi anzanga, ndi akatswiri, ndipo ndine wachinyamata chabe.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti munthu uyu, yemwe adatembenuza 1997 mu July 67, ndi imodzi mwa nyimbo zochititsa chidwi komanso zapadera za nthawi yathu ino. M'zaka zake zazing'ono adachita zambiri, osaiwala, komabe, zofunikira zaluso. Koma itatha nthawi ya "zochita" ku Düsseldorf ndi Stuttgart, maganizo ake ovuta adamupangitsa kuti aganizire za masewero ochepa: La bohème, La traviata, The Magic Shooter, Der Rosenkavalier, Tristan und Isolde, Othello, Carmen, Wozzecke. ndi pa nyimbo zina zoimbaimba za Mozart, Beethoven ndi Brahms. Pazonsezi tiyenera kuwonjezera The Bat ndi zidutswa za nyimbo zakale za Viennese.

Kulikonse komwe akuwoneka, ku Milan kapena Vienna, ku Munich kapena ku New York, komanso ku Japan, komwe adayenda bwino kwambiri m'chilimwe cha 1995, amatsagana ndi ma epithets osangalatsa kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri sakhutira. Ponena za ulendo wa ku Japan, Kleiber anavomereza kuti: “Chikanakhala kuti dziko la Japan silinali kutali kwambiri, ndiponso ngati anthu a ku Japan sankalipira ndalama zolipiridwa chonchi, sindikanazengereza kusiya chilichonse n’kuthawa.

Mwamuna uyu amakonda kwambiri zisudzo. Makhalidwe ake amakhalapo mu nyimbo. Pambuyo pa Karajan, ali ndi manja okongola kwambiri komanso olondola kwambiri omwe angapezeke. Aliyense amene amagwira naye ntchito amavomereza izi: ojambula, oimba, oimba nyimbo. Lucia Popp, ataimba naye Sophie mu Rosenkavalier, anakana kuyimba gawo ili ndi wotsogolera wina aliyense.

Inali "Rosenkavalier" yomwe inali opera yoyamba, yomwe inapereka mwayi kwa masewero a La Scala kuti adziwe wotsogolera wachijeremani uyu. Kuchokera ku mbambande ya Richard Strauss, Kleiber anapanga epic yosaiwalika ya malingaliro. Analandiridwa mwachidwi ndi anthu komanso otsutsa, ndipo Klaiber mwiniwakeyo adagonjetsedwa ndi Paolo Grassi, yemwe, pamene adafuna, akhoza kukhala wosatsutsika.

Komabe, sizinali zophweka kupambana Kleiber. Claudio Abbado adatha kumutsimikizira, yemwe adapereka Klaiber kuti atsogolere Othello ya Verdi, kusiya malo ake kwa iye, kenako Tristan ndi Isolde. Nyengo zingapo m'mbuyomo, Tristan ya Kleiber inali yopambana kwambiri pa Wagner Festival ku Bayreuth, ndipo Wolfgang Wagner adaitana Kleiber kuti azitsogolera Meistersingers ndi tetralogy. Izi zokopa zidakanidwa mwachibadwa ndi Klaiber.

Kukonzekera ma opera anayi mu nyengo zinayi sikwachilendo kwa Carlos Kleiber. Nthawi yosangalatsa m'mbiri ya La Scala Theatre sinabwerenso. Opera mu kutanthauzira kwa kondakitala wa Kleiber ndi zopangidwa ndi Schenk, Zeffirelli ndi Wolfgang Wagner anabweretsa luso la opera kumalo atsopano, omwe sanawonekerepo.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kujambula mbiri yolondola ya Kleiber. Chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: zomwe tinganene za iye sizingakhale zachilendo komanso wamba. Uyu ndi woimba ndi wotsogolera, amene nthawi iliyonse, ndi opera iliyonse ndi konsati iliyonse, nkhani yatsopano imayamba.

M'kutanthauzira kwake The Rosenkavalier, zinthu zapamtima ndi zachifundo zimagwirizanitsidwa mosalekeza ndi kulondola ndi kusanthula. Koma mawu ake mu luso la Straussian, monga mawu a Othello ndi La bohème, amadziwika ndi ufulu wonse. Kleiber ali ndi luso lotha kusewera rubato, osasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a tempo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tinganene kuti rubato yake sikutanthauza mchitidwe, koma malo akumverera. Palibe kukayikira kuti Kleiber sakuwoneka ngati wokonda ku Germany wakale, ngakhale wabwino kwambiri, chifukwa talente yake ndi mapangidwe ake zimaposa mawonetseredwe aliwonse a machitidwe, ngakhale mu mawonekedwe ake abwino. Mukhoza kumva gawo la "Viennese" mwa iye, poganizira kuti bambo ake, Erich wamkulu, anabadwira ku Vienna. Koma koposa zonse, amamva kusiyanasiyana kwa zokumana nazo zomwe zidatsimikizira moyo wake wonse: momwe amakhalira amagulitsidwa kwambiri kukhalidwe lake, kupanga modabwitsa kusakaniza kwamtundu umodzi.

Umunthu wake uli ndi miyambo yaku Germany, yowoneka bwino komanso yaulemu, komanso Viennese, yopepuka pang'ono. Koma kondakitala samadziwidwa ndi maso ali otseka. Zikuoneka kuti ankawaganizira mozama maulendo angapo.

Mu matanthauzo ake, kuphatikizapo ntchito za symphonic, moto wosazimitsidwa ukuwala. Kusaka kwake nthawi yomwe nyimbo zimakhala ndi moyo weniweni sizimayima. Ndipo wapatsidwa mphatso yopumira moyo ngakhale zidutswa zija zomwe pamaso pake zinkawoneka zosamveka bwino komanso zosamveka.

Otsogolera ena amalemekeza kwambiri zolemba za wolemba. Klaiber nayenso amapatsidwa ulemu umenewu, koma luso lake lachibadwa lotsindika nthawi zonse za maonekedwe ake ndi zizindikiro zochepa zomwe zili m'malemba zimaposa ena onse. Akamachititsa, munthu amaona kuti nyimbo zoimbirayo ndi mwini wake kwambiri, ngati kuti anali atakhala pa piyano m'malo moimirira. Woyimba uyu ali ndi luso lapadera komanso lapadera, lomwe limawonetseredwa mu kusinthasintha, kusinthasintha kwa dzanja (chiwalo chofunikira kwambiri pakuchita), koma samayika luso pamalo oyamba.

Kukongola kwambiri kwa Kleiber sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi zotsatira zake, ndipo zomwe akufuna kufotokozera anthu nthawi zonse zimakhala zachindunji, kaya ndi opera kapena gawo linalake lokhazikika - nyimbo za Mozart, Beethoven ndi Brahms. Kukhoza kwake kumatheka chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwake ndi luso lake lochita zinthu mosaganizira ena. Iyi ndiyo njira yake ya moyo monga woimba, njira yake yochenjera yodziwonetsera yekha kudziko lapansi ndikukhala kutali ndi izo, kukhalapo kwake, kodzaza chinsinsi, koma nthawi yomweyo chisomo.

Duilio Courir, magazini ya "Amadeus".

Kumasulira kuchokera ku Chitaliyana ndi Irina Sorokina