Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky |
Evgeny Mravinsky
People's Artist wa USSR (1954). Laureate ya Lenin Prize (1961). Hero wa Socialist Labor (1973).
Moyo ndi ntchito ya m'modzi mwa otsogolera akulu kwambiri azaka za m'ma 1920 zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi Leningrad. Anakulira m'banja loimba, koma atamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu yantchito (1921) adalowa mu luso lachilengedwe la Leningrad University. Komabe, panthawiyo, mnyamatayo anali atayamba kale kugwirizana ndi malo oimba. Kufunika kopeza ndalama kunamubweretsa ku siteji ya wakale Mariinsky Theatre, komwe ankagwira ntchito ngati sewero. Ntchito yotopetsayi, panthawiyi, inalola Mravinsky kuti awonjezere luso lake lojambula, kuti adziwe bwino kuchokera ku kulankhulana kwachindunji ndi oimba monga F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, otsogolera A. Coates, E. Cooper ndi ena. Pochitanso ntchito yolenga, adathandizidwa bwino ndi zomwe adapeza pomwe amagwira ntchito ngati woyimba piyano ku Leningrad Choreographic School, komwe Mravinsky adalowa mu XNUMX. Panthawi imeneyi, iye anali atasiya kale ku yunivesite, anaganiza zodzipereka yekha ntchito akatswiri nyimbo.
Kuyesa koyamba kulowa m'malo osungiramo zinthu sikunapambane. Kuti asataye nthawi, Mravinsky adalowa m'makalasi a Leningrad Academic Chapel. Zaka za ophunzira zinayamba kwa iye m'chaka chotsatira, 1924. Amatenga maphunziro ogwirizana ndi zida ndi M. Chernov, polyphony ndi X. Kushnarev, mawonekedwe ndi zolemba zothandiza ndi V. Shcherbachev. Ntchito zingapo zolembedwa ndi woyimba woyambira zidachitika mu Holo Yaing'ono ya Conservatory. Komabe, Mravinsky wodzidzudzula yekha akudzifufuza yekha m'munda wina - mu 1927 anayamba kuchititsa makalasi motsogoleredwa ndi N. Malko, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri A. Gauk anakhala mphunzitsi wake.
Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso lotsogolera, Mravinsky anathera nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi gulu la oimba la amateur symphony la Union of Soviet Trade Employees. Zochita zoyamba zapagulu ndi gululi zidaphatikizanso ntchito za olemba aku Russia ndipo adalandira ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa atolankhani. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Mravinsky ankayang'anira gawo la nyimbo za sukulu ya choreographic ndipo ankaimba ballet ya Glazunov "The Four Seasons". Kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi ntchito zamafakitale ku Opera Studio ya Conservatory. Gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha kulenga cha Mravinsky chikugwirizana ndi ntchito yake ku Opera ndi Ballet Theatre yotchedwa SM Kirov (1931-1938). Poyamba iye anali wothandizira kondakitala kuno, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi anayamba payekha payekha. Panali pa September 20, 1932. Mravinsky ankaimba ballet "Sleeping Beauty" ndi G. Ulanova. Kupambana koyamba kwakukulu kunabwera kwa wotsogolera, yemwe adaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito zake zotsatirazi - ma ballet a Tchaikovsky "Swan Lake" ndi "The Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" ndi "Giselle", B. Asafiev "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" ndi " Lost Illusions ". Potsirizira pake, apa omvera adadziwa za opera yokhayo ya Mravinsky - "Mazepa" ndi Tchaikovsky. Choncho, zinkaoneka kuti woimba luso potsiriza anasankha njira ya zisudzo.
Mpikisano wa All-Union of Conductors mu 1938 unatsegula tsamba labwino kwambiri mu mbiri yojambula ya ojambula. Panthawiyi, Mravinsky anali atapeza kale zambiri pamasewera a symphony a Leningrad Philharmonic. Chofunika kwambiri chinali msonkhano wake ndi ntchito ya D. Shostakovich m'zaka khumi za nyimbo za Soviet mu 1937. Kenaka Fifth Symphony ya wolemba nyimbo wotchuka inachitidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba. Pambuyo pake Shostakovich analemba kuti: “Ndinadziŵana kwambiri ndi Mravinsky panthawi imene tinapangana pa Fifth Symphony yanga. Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti poyamba ndinkachita mantha ndi njira ya Mravinsky. Zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti amangoyang'ana kwambiri zazing'ono, amasamalira kwambiri zambiri, ndipo zimawoneka kwa ine kuti izi zingawononge dongosolo lonse, lingaliro wamba. Pazanzeru zilizonse, pamalingaliro aliwonse, Mravinsky adandifunsa mafunso, akundifunsa yankho ku zokayika zonse zomwe zidabwera mwa iye. Koma kale pa tsiku lachisanu logwira ntchito limodzi, ndinazindikira kuti njira iyi ndi yolondola. Ndinayamba kutenga ntchito yanga mozama kwambiri, ndikuyang'ana momwe Mravinsky amachitira mozama. Ndinazindikira kuti kondakitala sayenera kuyimba ngati ng’ombe. Talente iyenera choyamba kuphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yayitali komanso yowawa.
Masewero a Mravinsky a Fifth Symphony anali chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pampikisano. Kondakitala ku Leningrad anapatsidwa mphoto yoyamba. Chochitika ichi makamaka chinatsimikizira tsogolo la Mravinsky - adakhala wotsogolera wamkulu wa symphony orchestra ya Leningrad Philharmonic, yomwe tsopano ndi gulu loyenera la Republic. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pa moyo wa Mravinsky panalibe zochitika zakunja. Chaka ndi chaka, iye amalimbikitsa gulu lotsogolera, kukulitsa nyimbo zake. Pamene akulemekeza luso lake, Mravinsky amapereka matanthauzo apamwamba a symphonies Tchaikovsky, ntchito Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler ndi olemba ena.
Moyo wamtendere wa oimbawo unasokonezedwa mu 1941, pamene, ndi lamulo la boma, Leningrad Philharmonic anasamutsidwa kum'mawa ndipo anatsegula nyengo yotsatira ku Novosibirsk. M'zaka zimenezo, nyimbo za ku Russia zinali ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pa mapulogalamu a otsogolera. Pamodzi ndi Tchaikovsky, adachita ntchito za Glinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov…
Ntchito yolenga ya Mravinsky inafika pachimake pambuyo pobwerera kwa oimba ku Leningrad. Monga kale, wotsogolera amachita ku Philharmonic ndi mapulogalamu olemera komanso osiyanasiyana. Womasulira wabwino akupezeka mwa iye ndi ntchito zabwino za olemba Soviet. Malinga ndi katswiri wanyimbo V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, "Mravinsky adapanga kaseweredwe kake kake, komwe kamadziwika ndi kusakanikirana kwakukulu kwamalingaliro ndi nzeru, kulongosola kwaukali komanso malingaliro oyenera a dongosolo lonse la machitidwe, lopangidwa ndi Mravinsky makamaka mu ntchito za ntchito za Soviet, kukwezeleza komwe adapereka ndikupereka chidwi chachikulu".
Kutanthauzira kwa Mravinsky kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi ntchito zambiri za olemba Soviet, kuphatikizapo Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, A. Khachaturian's Symphony-Poem, ndipo, koposa zonse, zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za D. Shostakovich, zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu thumba la golide la nyimbo zathu zapamwamba. Shostakovich adapatsa Mravinsky ntchito yake yoyamba yachisanu, chachisanu ndi chimodzi, chachisanu ndi chitatu (choperekedwa kwa wotsogolera), nyimbo zachisanu ndi chinayi ndi khumi, nyimbo ya oratorio ya nkhalango. Ndizodziwika kuti, ponena za Seventh Symphony, wolembayo anatsindika mu 1942 kuti: "M'dziko lathu, symphony inachitika m'mizinda yambiri. Muscovites anamvetsera izo kangapo motsogozedwa ndi S. Samosud. Ku Frunze ndi Alma-Ata, symphony inachitidwa ndi State Symphony Orchestra, motsogoleredwa ndi N. Rakhlin. Ndikuthokoza kwambiri otsogolera a Soviet ndi ochokera m'mayiko ena chifukwa cha chikondi ndi chisamaliro chomwe asonyeza ku nyimbo zanga. Koma izo zinkamveka pafupi kwambiri ndi ine monga wolemba, wochitidwa ndi Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra yoyendetsedwa ndi Evgeny Mravinsky.
N'zosakayikitsa kuti anali pansi pa utsogoleri wa Mravinsky kuti Leningrad orchestra anakula kukhala dziko kalasi symphony ensemble. Izi ndi zotsatira za ntchito yosatopa ya kondakitala, chikhumbo chake chosatopa chofuna kuwerengera zatsopano, zozama komanso zolondola za nyimbo. G. Rozhdestvensky analemba kuti: “Mravinsky nayenso amangofuna kuti iyeyo komanso gulu la oimba afunefune. Pa maulendo ophatikizana, pamene ndimayenera kumva ntchito zomwezo nthawi zambiri kwa nthawi yochepa, nthawi zonse ndinkadabwa ndi luso la Evgeny Alexandrovich kuti asataye kumverera kwa kutsitsimuka kwawo ndi kubwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza. Konsati iliyonse imakhala koyambirira, konsati iliyonse isanachitike zonse ziyenera kubwerezabwereza. Ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta bwanji!
M'zaka za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, kudziwika kwa mayiko kunabwera kwa Mravinsky. Monga lamulo, wotsogolera amapita kudziko lina limodzi ndi oimba omwe amawatsogolera. Kokha mu 1946 ndi 1947 anakhala mlendo wa Prague Spring, kumene iye anaimba ndi oimba Czechoslovakia. Zochita za Leningrad Philharmonic ku Finland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), mayiko a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya (1956, 1960, 1966), ndi United States of America (1962) zinali zopambana. Nyumba zodzaza ndi anthu, kuwomba m'manja mwa anthu, ndemanga zokondwa - zonsezi ndi kuzindikira luso lapamwamba la Leningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra ndi wotsogolera wamkulu Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. Ntchito yophunzitsa ya Mravinsky, pulofesa ku Leningrad Conservatory, adalandiranso kuvomerezedwa koyenera.
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969
