Fungu |

lat., italy. fuga, ku. - kuthamanga, kuthawa, kuthamanga kwapano; English, French fugue; German Fuge

1) Mtundu wanyimbo zama polyphonic zozikidwa pakuwonetsa motsanzira mutu wamunthu payekhapayekha ndi zisudzo zina (1) m'mawu osiyanasiyana motsanzira komanso (kapena) kuwongolera, komanso (kawirikawiri) chitukuko cha tonal-harmonic ndi kumaliza.

Fugue ndiye mtundu wotukuka kwambiri wanyimbo zotsanzira-zotsutsana, zomwe zatengera kuchuluka kwa ma polyphony. Mndandanda wazinthu za F. alibe malire, koma nzeru imapambana kapena imamveka momwemo nthawi zonse. F. limasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhudzika kwamalingaliro komanso nthawi yomweyo kusalankhula. Development mu F. mwachibadwa amafanizidwa ndi kutanthauzira, komveka. umboni wa chiphunzitsocho - mutu; m'ma zitsanzo ambiri akale, onse F. ndi "wakula" kuchokera pamutu (monga F. amatchedwa okhwima, mosiyana ndi aulere, momwe zinthu zosagwirizana ndi mutuwo zimayambitsidwa). Kukula kwa mawonekedwe a F. ndi njira yosinthira nyimbo zoyambira. malingaliro omwe kukonzanso kosalekeza sikutsogolera ku khalidwe lophiphiritsa losiyana; Kuwonekera kwa kusiyanitsa kochokera, kwenikweni, sikuli kodziwika kwa classical. F. (zomwe sizimapatula milandu pamene chitukuko, symphonic mu kukula, chimatsogolera ku kulingaliranso kwathunthu kwa mutuwo: cf., mwachitsanzo, phokoso la mutuwo pofotokozera komanso pakusintha kwa coda mu limba la Bach. F. wamng'ono, BWV 543). Uku ndiye kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa F. ndi mawonekedwe a sonata. Ngati kusinthika kophiphiritsa kwakumapetoku kumatengera kudulidwa kwa mutuwo, ndiye kuti mu F. - mawonekedwe osinthika - mutuwu umasunga mgwirizano wake: umachitika mosiyanasiyana. mankhwala, makiyi, kuika mu kaundula zosiyanasiyana ndi harmonic. mikhalidwe, ngati yowunikiridwa ndi kuwala kosiyana, imasonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana (kwenikweni, kukhulupirika kwa mutuwo sikuphwanyidwa chifukwa chakuti zimasiyana - zimamveka mozungulira kapena, mwachitsanzo, mu strettas, osati kwathunthu; kudzipatula ndi kugawikana kolimbikitsa ). F. ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana wa kukonzanso kosalekeza ndi unyinji wa zinthu zokhazikika: nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe zotsutsana ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana, interludes ndi strettas nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana siyana, kuchuluka kwa mawu ofanana kumasungidwa, ndipo tempo sisintha mu F. (kupatulapo, mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito za L. Beethoven ndizosowa). F. amalingalira mozama za kapangidwe kake mwatsatanetsatane; kwenikweni polyphonic. Kukhazikika kumawonetsedwa mophatikizira kukhwima kwambiri, kulingalira kwa zomangamanga ndi ufulu wa kuphedwa pazochitika zilizonse: palibe "malamulo" omanga F., ndi mitundu ya F. ndizosiyana kwambiri, ngakhale zimachokera kuzinthu 5 zokha - mitu, mayankho, zotsutsa, zophatikizira ndi mipata. Amapanga zigawo zamaganizidwe ndi semantic za filosofi, zomwe zimakhala ndi mafotokozedwe, chitukuko, ndi ntchito zomaliza. Kugonjera kwawo kosiyanasiyana kumapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafilosofi - 2-part, 3-part, ndi ena. nyimbo; adakula kukhala ser. Zaka za m'ma 17, m'mbiri yake yonse zidapindula ndi zopambana zonse za muses. art-va ndipo akadali mawonekedwe omwe samasiyanitsidwa ndi zithunzi zatsopano kapena njira zaposachedwa zofotokozera. F. adayang'ana fanizo mu njira zopangira zojambula za M. K.

Mutu wakuti F., kapena (wosatha) mtsogoleri (Latin dux; German Fugenthema, Subjekt, Fuhrer; English subject; Italian soggetto; French sujet), ndi wokwanira mu nyimbo. malingaliro ndi nyimbo yokhazikika, yomwe imachitika mu 1st ya mawu omwe akubwera. Kutalika kosiyana - kuchokera ku 1 (F. kuchokera ku Bach's solo violin sonata No. 1) mpaka 9-10 mipiringidzo - zimatengera mtundu wa nyimbo (mitu yapang'onopang'ono F. nthawi zambiri imakhala yayifupi; mitu yam'manja ndi yayitali, yofanana mumayendedwe anyimbo, mwachitsanzo, pamapeto a quartet op.59 No 3 ndi Beethoven), kuchokera kwa woimbayo. amatanthawuza (mitu ya limba, zifanizo zakwaya ndizotalika kuposa za violin, clavier). Mutuwu uli ndi kayimbidwe kokopa. mawonekedwe, chifukwa chilichonse cha mawu oyamba ake chimadziwika bwino. Kukhazikika kwa mutuwo ndi kusiyana pakati pa F. monga mawonekedwe aulere ndi kutsanzira. mitundu yamatayilo okhwima: lingaliro lamutu linali lachilendo kwa omaliza, mawonetsedwe a stretta adakula, melodic. zojambula za mawu zinapangidwa m'njira yotsanzira. Mu F. mutuwo umaperekedwa kuyambira kuchiyambi mpaka kumapeto monga chinthu choperekedwa, chopangidwa. Mutu ndiye nyimbo yayikulu. Lingaliro la F., lofotokozedwa limodzi. Zitsanzo zoyambilira za F. zimadziwika kwambiri ndi mitu yaifupi komanso yapaokha. Classic mtundu wamutu wopangidwa mu ntchito ya JS Bach ndi GF Handel. Mitu imagawidwa kukhala yosiyana ndi yosasiyanitsa (yofanana), yamtundu umodzi (yosasintha) ndi kusintha. Mitu yofanana ndi yotengera cholinga chimodzi (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a) kapena zolinga zingapo (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b); nthawi zina malingaliro amasiyana mosiyanasiyana (onani chitsanzo, c).

a) JS Bach. Fugue mu c-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier, mutu. b) JS Bach. Fugue A-dur ya Organ, BWV 1, Mutu. c) JS Bach. Fugue fis-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier, mutu.

Mitu yozikidwa pa kutsutsa kwa zokometsera zokometsera komanso monyinyirika zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zosiyana (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a); kuya kwa kusiyana kumawonjezeka pamene chimodzi mwa zolinga (nthawi zambiri choyambirira) chili ndi malingaliro. nthawi (onani zitsanzo mu Art. Free style, column 891).

Pankhani zoterezi, mfundo zoyambirira zimasiyana. nkhani yaikulu (nthawi zina imalekanitsidwa ndi kupuma), gawo lachitukuko (nthawi zambiri lotsatizana), ndi mapeto (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b). Mitu yosasintha imachulukirachulukira, yomwe imayamba ndikutha ndi kiyi yomweyo. Posintha mitu, mayendedwe osinthika amangokhala olamulira (onani zitsanzo mugawo 977).

Mitu imadziwika ndi kumveka bwino kwa tonal: nthawi zambiri mutuwu umayamba ndi kugunda kofooka kwa mawu amodzi. atatu (pakati pazimenezi ndi F. Fis-dur ndi B-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; kupitirira apo dzinali lidzafupikitsidwa, popanda kusonyeza wolemba - "HTK"), nthawi zambiri amathera pa nthawi yamphamvu ya tonic. . chachitatu.

a) JS Bach. Brandenburg Concerto No 6, 2nd movement, mutu wokhala ndi mawu otsagana nawo. b) JS Bach. Fugue mu C yaikulu ya Organ, BWV 564, Mutu.

Mkati mwamutuwu, zopotoka zimatheka, nthawi zambiri mu subdominant (mu F. fis-moll kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya CTC, komanso kukhala wamkulu); chromatic yomwe ikubwera. Kufufuza kwina kwa kumveka kwa tonal sikuphwanya, chifukwa mawu awo ali ndi tanthauzo. maziko a harmonic. Kudutsa ma chromaticism sikufanana ndi mitu ya JS Bach. Ngati mutuwo utha yankho lisanatchulidwe, ndiye kuti codetta imayambitsidwa kuti ilumikizane ndi zowonjezera (Es-dur, G-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu 1 ya "HTK"; onaninso chitsanzo pansipa, a). M'mitu yambiri ya Bach imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi miyambo ya kwaya yakale. polyphony, zomwe zimakhudza mzere wa polyphonic. nyimbo, mu mawonekedwe a stretta (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b).

JS Bach. Fugue in e minor for organ, BWV 548, mutu ndi chiyambi cha kuyankha.

Komabe, mitu yambiri imadziwika ndi kudalira ma harmonics. zotsatizana, zomwe "zimawalira" nyimbo. chithunzi; mu izi, makamaka, kudalira kwa F. 17-18 zaka zikuwonekera. kuchokera ku nyimbo zatsopano za homophonic (onani chitsanzo mu Art. Free style, column 889). Pali polyphony yobisika mumitu; zimawululidwa ngati mzere wotsika wa metric-reference (onani mutu wa F. c-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 1 ya "HTK"); nthawi zina, mawu obisika amapangidwa kotero kuti kutsanzira kumapangidwa mkati mwa mutuwo (onani zitsanzo a ndi b).

harmonic chidzalo ndi melodic. machulukitsidwe a polyphony zobisika mumitu mu zikutanthauza. madigiri anali chifukwa chakuti F. amalembedwera mavoti ochepa (3-4); 6-,7-mawu mu F. nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi mutu wakale (nthawi zambiri wakwaya).

JS Bach. Mecca h-moll, No 6, “Gratias agimus tibi”, kuyambira (kutsagana ndi orchestral sikunasinthidwe).

Mtundu wa mitu yanyimbo za baroque ndizovuta, chifukwa thematicism wamba idayamba pang'onopang'ono ndikutengera kuyimba kwake. mawonekedwe amomwe anatsogolera F. Mu majestic org. makonzedwe, mu kwaya. F. kuchokera ku misa ndi zilakolako za Bach, chorale ndi maziko a mitu. Folk nyimbo thematics amaimiridwa m'njira zambiri. zitsanzo (F. dis-moll kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya "HTK"; org. F. g-moll, BWV 578). Kufanana kwa nyimbo kumakulitsidwa pamene mutu ndi mayankho kapena mayendedwe a 1 ndi 3 akufanana ndi ziganizo mu nthawi (fughetta I kuchokera ku Goldberg Variations; org. toccata E-dur, gawo mu 3/4, BWV 566). .

a) NDI Bax. Zongopeka za Chromatic ndi fugue, mutu wa fugue. b) JS Bach. Fugue in g wamng'ono kwa limba, BWV 542, mutu.

Thematicism ya Bach ili ndi mfundo zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuvina. nyimbo: mutu wa F. c-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 1 ya "HTK" yolumikizidwa ndi bourre; mutu org. F. g-moll, BWV 542, adachokera ku nyimbo yovina "Ick ben gegroet", kutanthauza ma allemande a zaka za m'ma 17. (onani Protopopov Vl., 1965, p. 88). Mitu ya G. Purcell ili ndi mayendedwe a jig. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mitu ya Bach, mitu yosavuta, "zolemba" za Handel, zidalowetsedwa ndi dec. mitundu yanyimbo za opera, mwachitsanzo. recitative (F. d-moll kuchokera ku Handel's 2nd Ensem), yodziwika bwino ya ngwazi. arias (F. D-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu ya 1 ya "HTK"; choyimba chomaliza kuchokera ku oratorio "Messiah" ndi Handel). M'mitu, mawu obwerezabwereza amagwiritsidwa ntchito. turnovers - zomwe zimatchedwa. nyimbo-zolankhula. ziwerengero (onani Zakharova O., 1975). A. Schweitzer adateteza mfundoyi, malinga ndi zomwe mitu ya Bach ikufotokozedwa. ndi zophiphiritsa. tanthauzo. Chikoka chachindunji cha thematicism ya Handel (mu Haydn's oratorios, kumapeto kwa symphony ya Beethoven No. 9) ndi Bach (F. mu chor. op. op. 1 ndi Beethoven, P. kwa Schumann, kwa limba Brahms) anali nthawi zonse ndipo zamphamvu (kufikira zinangochitika mwangozi: mutu wa F. cis-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu ya 131 ya "HTK" mu Agnus kuchokera ku Schubert's Mass Es-dur). Pamodzi ndi izi, makhalidwe atsopano amalowetsedwa mumitu ya F. yokhudzana ndi chiyambi cha mtundu, mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira, mapangidwe, ndi mgwirizano. Mawonekedwe. Choncho, mutu wa fugue Allegro kuchokera kumtunda kupita ku opera The Magic Flute ndi Mozart ili ndi mawonekedwe a scherzo; mosangalala nyimbo F. kuchokera ku sonata yake ya violin, K.-V. 1. Nkhani yatsopano ya mitu ya zaka za zana la 402 f. anali kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo. Izi ndi mitu ya fugues Schubert (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a). Folk-song element (F. kuchokera koyambirira kwa "Ivan Susanin"; ma fughettas a Rimsky-Korsakov otengera nyimbo zamtundu), nthawi zina nyimbo zachikondi (fp. F. a-moll Glinka, d-moll Lyadov, mawu omveka a olemekezeka ku chiyambi cha cantata "John waku Damasiko" Taneyev) amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitu ya Rus. ambuye, miyambo yomwe inapitilizidwa ndi DD Shostakovich (F. kuchokera ku oratorio "Nyimbo ya Nkhalango"), V. Ya. Shebalin ndi ena. Nar. nyimbo zimakhalabe gwero la mawu. ndi kulemeretsa mtundu (19 recitatives and fugues by Khachaturian, 7 preludes and phrasing for piyano by the Uzbek wopeka GA Muschel; onani chitsanzo pansipa, b), nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi njira zamakono zofotokozera (onani chitsanzo pansipa, c) . F. pamutu wa jazi wolembedwa ndi D. Millau ndi wagawo lazodabwitsa ..

a) P. Schubert. Mecca No 6 Es-dur, Credo, mipiringidzo 314-21, mutu wa fugue. b) GA Muschel. 24 zoyambira ndi ma fugues a piyano, fugue theme b-moll. c) B. Bartok. Fugue wochokera ku Sonata wa Solo Violin, Mutu.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20 sungani bwino mtengo wa classic. mitundu yamapangidwe amutuwo (zofanana - F. ya solo ya violin No 1 op. 131a Reger; kusiyanitsa - chomaliza F. kuchokera ku cantata "John waku Damasiko" ndi Taneyev; Gawo loyamba la sonata No 1 la piano Myaskovsky; monga a kalembedwe - gawo lachiwiri "Symphony of Psalms" lolemba Stravinsky).

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, olemba amapeza njira zina (zochepa zapadziko lonse) zomangira: periodicity mu chikhalidwe cha nthawi ya homophonic (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a); variable motivic periodicity aa1 (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b); kubwerezabwereza kosiyanasiyana aa1 bb1 (onani chitsanzo pansipa, c); kubwerezabwereza (onani chitsanzo pansipa, d; komanso F. fis-moll op. 87 ndi Shostakovich); rhythmic ostinato (F. C-dur kuchokera kuzungulira "24 Preludes and Fugues" ndi Shchedrin); ostinato mu gawo lachitukuko (onani chitsanzo pansipa, e); kusinthika kopitilira kwa abcd (makamaka mumitu ya dodecaphone; onani chitsanzo f). Mwamphamvu kwambiri, mawonekedwe amitu amasintha mothandizidwa ndi ma harmonics atsopano. malingaliro. M’zaka za zana la 19 mmodzi wa opeka oganiza mopambanitsa m’njira imeneyi anali P. Liszt; Mitu yake ili ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri (fugato mu h-moll sonata ili pafupifupi ma octave 2), amasiyana mosiyanasiyana. ukali..

a) DD Shostakovich, Fugue mu E yaying'ono op. 87, gawo. b) M. Ravel. Fuga ndi fp. suite "Tomb of Cuperina", mutu. c) B. Bartok. Nyimbo za zingwe, percussion ndi cello, gawo 1, mutu. d) DD Shostakovich. Fugue mu A lalikulu Op. 87, gawo. f) P. Xindemith. Sonata.

Mawonekedwe a polyphony yatsopano yazaka za zana la 20. kuwonekera mu tanthauzo lodabwitsa, pafupifupi mutu wa dodecaphonic wa R. Strauss kuchokera ku symphony. ndakatulo "Chotero Analankhula Zarathustra", pomwe mautatu a Ch-Es-A-Des amafananizidwa (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a). Mitu yakupatuka kwazaka za zana la 20 ndikusinthidwa kukhala makiyi akutali kumachitika (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b), ma chromatism odutsa amakhala chinthu chokhazikika (onani chitsanzo pansipa, c); chromatic harmonic maziko amatsogolera ku zovuta zomveka bwino za luso. chithunzi (onani chitsanzo pansipa, d). M'mitu ya F. luso latsopano. njira: atonality (F. mu Berg a Wozzeck), dodecaphony (1 gawo la Slonimsky a buff concerto; improvisation ndi F. kwa limba Schnittke), sonorants (fugato "Mu Sante Prison" kuchokera Shostakovich Symphony No. 14) ndi aleatory (onani chitsanzo pansipa (onani chitsanzo pansipa). ) zotsatira. Lingaliro lanzeru lopanga F. for percussion (3rd movement of Greenblat's Symphony No. 4) ndi la munda womwe uli kunja kwa chikhalidwe cha F..

a) R. Strauss. Ndakatulo ya Symphonic "Motero Adalankhula Zarathustra", mutu wa fugue. b) HK Medtner. Mphepo yamkuntho ya piano. op. 53 No 2, chiyambi cha fugue. c) AK Glazunov. Prelude ndi Fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 ya fp., fugue mutu. d) H. Ayi. Myaskovsky

V. Lutoslavsky. Ma Preludes ndi Fugue a 13 String Instruments, Fugue Theme.

Kutsanzira mutu pakiyi ya wolamulira kapena wocheperako kumatchedwa yankho kapena (osatha) bwenzi (Chilatini chimabwera; German Antwort, Comes, Gefährte; Yankho la Chingerezi; Italian risposta; French reponse). Kuyika kulikonse kwa mutu mu kiyi ya wolamulira kapena wolamulira mu gawo lililonse la mawonekedwe omwe wamkulu amalamulira kumatchedwanso yankho. tonality, komanso m'mawu achiwiri, ngati pakutsanzira chiŵerengero chofanana cha mutuwo ndi yankho likusungidwa monga momwe amafotokozera (dzina lodziwika bwino "octave yankho", kutanthauza kulowa kwa liwu lachiwiri mu octave, ndilolakwika. , chifukwa kwenikweni pali mawu oyamba a 2 a mutuwo, ndiye mayankho a 2 nawonso mu octave; mwachitsanzo, No 2 kuchokera ku oratorio "Judas Maccabee" ndi Handel).

Zamakono Lingaliro limatanthauzira yankho mozama kwambiri, ndilo, monga ntchito mu F., mwachitsanzo, mphindi yosinthira mawu otsanzira (munthawi iliyonse), yomwe ndi yofunikira pakupanga mawonekedwe. Mu kutsanzira mitundu ya nthawi ya kalembedwe okhwima, otsanzira anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intervals osiyana, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, quarto-chisanu amakhala ambiri (onani chitsanzo Art. Fugato, ndime 995).

Pali mitundu iwiri yoyankhira mu ricercars - zenizeni ndi kamvekedwe. Yankho lomwe limapanganso mutuwo molondola (magawo ake, nthawi zambiri komanso mtengo wamtundu), wotchedwa. zenizeni. Yankho, pachiyambi pomwe munali melodic. kusintha komwe kumabwera chifukwa chakuti siteji ya I ya mutuwo imagwirizana ndi V siteji (mawu oyambira) mu yankho, ndipo gawo la V likufanana ndi siteji ya I, yotchedwa. tonal (onani chitsanzo pansipa, a).

Kuphatikiza apo, mutu womwe umasinthira kukhala kiyi yayikulu imayankhidwa ndikusintha kosinthira kuchokera pa kiyi yayikulu kupita ku kiyi yayikulu (onani chitsanzo pansipa, b).

Mu nyimbo zolembera mwamphamvu, panalibe chifukwa choyankhira tonal (ngakhale nthawi zina zimakwaniritsidwa: ku Kyrie ndi Christe eleison kuchokera kugulu la L'homme armé of Palestrina, yankho ndi lenileni, ku Qui tollis komwe kuli tonal. ), popeza machromatic sanavomerezedwe. kusintha kwa masitepe, ndipo mitu yaying'ono "imalowa" mosavuta kukhala yankho lenileni. Mu kalembedwe kaufulu ndi chilolezo cha zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, komanso mtundu watsopano wa instr. nkhani zosiyanasiyana, panafunika polyphonic. chiwonetsero cha maubwenzi akuluakulu a tonic. Kuwonjezera apo, kutsindika masitepe, kuyankha kwa tonal kumasunga chiyambi cha F. mu gawo la kukopa kwakukulu. kamvekedwe.

Malamulo oyankha ma toni adatsatiridwa mosamalitsa; kuchotserako kudapangidwa kaya pamitu yodzala ndi chromaticism, kapena ngati kusintha kwa tonal kusokoneza kwambiri nyimbo. kujambula (onani, mwachitsanzo, F. e-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK").

Kuyankha kocheperako kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Ngati mutuwo ukulamuliridwa ndi mgwirizano waukulu kapena mawu, ndiye kuti kuyankha kocheperako kumayambitsidwa (Contrapunctus X kuchokera ku The Art of Fugue, org. Toccata in d-moll, BWV 565, P. kuchokera ku Sonata ya Skr. Solo No 1 mu G- moll, BWV 1001, Bach ); nthawi zina mu F. ndi kutumizidwa kwautali, mitundu yonse ya mayankho amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, olamulira ndi ocheperapo (F. cis-moll kuchokera ku 1 voliyumu ya CTC; No. 35 kuchokera ku oratorio Solomon ndi Handel).

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mogwirizana ndi tonal yatsopano ndi harmonic. ziwonetsero, kutsata zikhalidwe za kuyankha kwa mawu kunasandulika kukhala msonkho ku miyambo, yomwe pang'onopang'ono inasiya kuwonedwa ..

a) JS Bach. Luso la fugue. Contrapunctus I, mutu ndi yankho. b) JS Bach. Fugue mu C Minor pamutu wa Legrenzi wa Organ, BWV 574, Mutu ndi Mayankho.

Contraposition ( German Gegenthema, Gegensatz, Begleitkontrapunkt des Comes, Kontrasubjekt; English countersubject; French contre-sujet; Italian contro-soggetto, contrassoggetto) - chotsutsana ndi yankho (onani Countersubject).

Interlude (kuchokera lat. intermedius - ili pakati; German Zwischenspiel, Zwischensatz, Interludium, Intermezzo, Episode, Andamento (yomalizayo ndi mutu wa F. kukula kwakukulu); italo. zosangalatsa, zochitika, zochitika; франц. zosangalatsa, episode, andamento; english. gawo la fugal; mawu akuti “episode”, “interlude”, “divertimento” m’lingaliro la “interlude in F.” m'mabuku mu Russian. yaz. osagwiritsidwa ntchito; nthawi zina izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza cholumikizira ndi njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu kapena zinthu zatsopano) mu F. - kumanga pakati pa mutuwo. Interlude pa Express. ndipo maziko ake amatsutsana ndi khalidwe la mutuwo: kuphatikizika nthawi zonse kumamanga chikhalidwe chapakati (chitukuko), chachikulu. chitukuko cha gawo la maphunziro mu F., zomwe zimathandizira kutsitsimula kwa mawu amutu womwe ukulowa ndikupanga mawonekedwe a F. kupanga fluidity. Pali ma interludes omwe amagwirizanitsa khalidwe la mutuwo (nthawi zambiri mkati mwa gawo) ndikukula (kulekanitsa khalidwe). Chifukwa chake, pofotokozera, cholumikizira chimakhala chofanana, kulumikiza yankho ndi kuyambitsa mutuwo mu liwu lachitatu (F. D-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"), nthawi zambiri - mutu wokhala ndi mayankho mu liwu lachinayi (F. b-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri) kapena ndi kuwonjezera. kugwira (F. F yaikulu kuchokera ku voliyumu 2). Njira zazing'ono zotere zimatchedwa mitolo kapena ma codette. Amaphatikiza Dr. Mitundu, monga lamulo, imakhala yokulirapo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa zigawo za mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, posuntha kuchoka pakuwonetsa kupita ku gawo lomwe likukula (F. C-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"), kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku reprise (F. h-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri)), kapena mkati mwa yomwe ikukula (F. Monga-nthawi kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri) kapena kubwereza (F. F-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu 2) gawo; Kumanga mu mawonekedwe a interlude, yomwe ili kumapeto kwa F., imatchedwa kumaliza (onani. F. D zazikulu kuchokera ku voliyumu 1 "HTK"). Zophatikiza nthawi zambiri zimatengera zolinga za mutuwo - woyamba (F. c-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya “HTK”) kapena yomaliza (F. c-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri, muyeso 2), nthawi zambiri komanso pazinthu zotsutsa (F. f-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba), nthawi zina - ma codette (F. Es-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu 1). Ndi solo. zinthu zotsutsana ndi mutuwu ndizosowa kwenikweni, koma kuphatikizika koteroko nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakumasulira mawu. (Kyrie No 1 kuchokera ku misa ya Bach mu h-moll). Muzochitika zapadera, ma interludes amabweretsedwa mu F. gawo la improvisation (harmonic-figurative interludes mu org. toccate mu d wamng'ono, BWV 565). Kapangidwe ka interludes ndi fractional; mwa njira zachitukuko, malo oyamba amakhala ndi mndandanda - zosavuta (mipiringidzo 1-5 mu F. c-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK") kapena canonical 1st (ibid., mipiringidzo 1-9, ndi zina. mawu) ndi gulu lachiwiri (F. fis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 1, bar 7), nthawi zambiri osapitilira 2-3 kulumikizana ndi gawo lachiwiri kapena lachitatu. Kudzipatula kwa ma motifs, kutsatizana ndi kukonzanso koyima kumabweretsa kuphatikizika kwakukulu kufupi ndi chitukuko (F. Cis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu 1, mipiringidzo 35-42). Mu zina F. interludes kubwerera, nthawi zina kupanga ubale wa sonata (cf. mipiringidzo 33 ndi 66 mu F. f-moll kuchokera ku 2nd voliyumu ya "HTK") kapena kachitidwe ka magawo osiyanasiyana (F. c-moll ndi G-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu 1), ndipo kusokonezeka kwawo pang'onopang'ono kumakhala mawonekedwe (F. kuchokera ku gulu la "Tomb of Couperin" lolemba Ravel). "Kufupikitsidwa" F. popanda zolowera kapena zolowera zing'onozing'ono ndizosowa (F. Kyrie wochokera ku Mozart's Requiem). Izi F. kugonjera mwaluso. zochitika (zochepa, zina. theme transformations) kuyandikira ricercar - fuga ricercata kapena figurata (P.

Stretta - kutsanzira kwambiri. kuchita mutu wa F., mmene mawu otsanzira amalowa mpaka kumapeto kwa mutuwo m’mawu oyamba; stretta ikhoza kulembedwa m'njira yosavuta kapena yovomerezeka. zotsanzira. Kuwonekera (kuchokera ku lat. chiwonetsero - kuwonetsera; Nem. kuwonetsera pamodzi, ntchito yoyamba; English, French. kukhudzika; italo. espozione) amatchedwa 1st kutsanzira. gulu mu F., vol. e. Gawo loyamba mu F., lokhala ndi mawu oyamba amutuwu m'mawu onse. Zoyamba za monophonic ndizofala (kupatula F. kutsagana, mwachitsanzo. Kyrie No 1 kuchokera ku misa ya Bach mu h-moll) ndi mutu wosinthana ndi yankho; nthawi zina lamuloli limaphwanyidwa (F. G-dur, f-moll, fis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"); choral F., momwe mawu osagwirizana amatsanzira mu octave (mutu-mutu ndi mayankho: (womaliza F. kuchokera ku oratorio "Nyengo Zinayi" lolemba Haydn) amatchedwa octaves. Yankho limalowetsedwa nthawi yomweyo. ndi kutha kwa mutuwu (F. dis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK") kapena pambuyo pake (F. Fis-dur, ibid.); F., momwe yankho likulowa mutu usanathe (F. E-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba, Cis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"), amatchedwa stretto, compressed. Mu zigoli 4. mawu owonetsera nthawi zambiri amalowa awiriawiri (F. D-dur kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya "HTK"), yomwe imagwirizana ndi miyambo ya fugue kuwonetsera kwa nthawi yolemba mosamalitsa. Big adzafotokoza. dongosolo la mawu oyamba: kufotokozera nthawi zambiri kumakonzedwa m'njira yoti liwu lililonse lomwe likubwera limakhala lopambanitsa, lodziwika bwino (izi, komabe, si lamulo: onani pansipa). F. g-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"), yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri pagulu, clavier F., mwachitsanzo. tenor - alto - soprano - bass (F. D-dur kuchokera ku 2 voliyumu ya "HTK"; org. F. D-dur, BWV 532), alto – soprano – tenor – bass (F. c-moll kuchokera ku 2 voliyumu ya "HTK"), etc.; mawu oyamba kuchokera ku mawu apamwamba kupita pansi ali ndi ulemu womwewo (F. e-moll, ibid.), komanso dongosolo losinthika la mawu - kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba (F. cis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"). Malire a zigawo mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi monga F. zili ndi malamulo; kufotokozera kumaganiziridwa kuti kumalizidwa pamene mutu ndi yankho likuchitika m'mawu onse; kuphatikizika kotsatira ndi kwa kuwonetserako ngati kuli ndi cadence (F. c-moll, g-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"); kapena, ndi gawo lomwe likutukuka (F. As-dur, ibid.). Chiwonetserocho chikapezeka kuti ndi chachifupi kwambiri kapena kuwonetseredwa mwatsatanetsatane kumafunika, kuyambitsidwa (mumutu wa 4). F. D-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK" zotsatira za kuyambika kwa mawu a 1) kapena angapo. onjezani. kuchitidwa (3 mu 4-go. org F. g-moll, BWV 542). Zochita zowonjezera m'mawu onse zimapanga chiwonetsero chotsutsa (F. E-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"); ndizofanana ndi dongosolo losiyana la mawu oyamba kuposa momwe amafotokozera komanso kugawa mutuwo mobwereranso ndikuyankhidwa ndi mavoti; Kuwonetsa kwa Bach kumakhala kosagwirizana. chitukuko (mu F. F-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba "HTK" - stretta, mu F. G-dur - kusintha kwa mutuwo). Nthawi zina, mkati mwa malire a chiwonetserocho, kusintha kumachitika poyankha, ndichifukwa chake mitundu yapadera ya F. amawuka: pozungulira (Contrapunctus V kuchokera ku Bach's The Art of Fugue; F. XV ya 24 Zoyambira ndi F. za fp. Shchedrin), yochepetsedwa (Contrapunctus VI kuchokera ku The Art of Fugue), yokulitsidwa (Contrapunctus VII, ibid.). Kuwonekera kumakhala kokhazikika komanso gawo lokhazikika la mawonekedwe; mawonekedwe ake omwe adakhazikitsidwa nthawi yayitali adasungidwa (monga mfundo) popanga. 20 mkati. Ku 19in. zoyesera zidapangidwa kuti zikonzekere kuwonekera pamaziko a kutsanzira zomwe sizinali zachikhalidwe kwa F. nthawi (A. Reich), komabe, mu zaluso. anayamba kuchita zinthu m’zaka za m’ma 20 zokha. mothandizidwa ndi ufulu wa nyimbo zatsopano (F. kuchokera ku quintet kapena. 16 Taneeva: c-es-gc; P. mu "Thunderous Sonata" ya piyano. Metnera: fis-g; mu F. B-mmwamba. 87 Yankho la Shostakovich mu kiyi yofananira; mu F. mu F kuchokera ku “Ludus tonalis” ya Hindemith yankho lili mu decima, mu A mu lachitatu; mu antonal katatu F. ku 2 d. "Wozzeka" Berga, takt 286, ответы в ув. nonu, malu, sextu, um. chachisanu). Chiwonetsero F. nthawi zina amapatsidwa zinthu zomwe zikukula, mwachitsanzo. mu kuzungulira "24 Preludes and Fugues" lolemba Shchedrin (kutanthauza kusintha kwa yankho, molakwika adasunga zotsutsa mu F. XNUMX, XNUMX). Gawo F., kutsatira kufotokozera, limatchedwa kukulitsa (it. gawo lotsogolera, gawo lapakati; Gawo lachitukuko cha Chingerezi; франц. partie du devetopment; italo. partie di sviluppo), nthawi zina - gawo lapakati kapena chitukuko, ngati ma interludes omwe ali mmenemo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira mochititsa chidwi. Zotheka contrapuntal. (zovuta counterpoint, stretta, theme masinthidwe) ndi tonal harmonic. (modulation, reharmonization) njira zachitukuko. Gawo lotukuka lilibe dongosolo lokhazikika; kawirikawiri ichi ndi chomanga chosakhazikika, choyimira mndandanda wamagulu amodzi kapena gulu mu makiyi, to-rykh sanali mu chiwonetsero. Dongosolo la kuyambitsa makiyi ndi laulere; Kumayambiriro kwa gawoli, tonality yofananira imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, kupatsa mtundu watsopano (F. Es-dur, g-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK"), kumapeto kwa gawoli - makiyi a gulu lalikulu (mu F. F-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba - d-moll ndi g-moll); sizikuchotsedwa, etc. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukula kwa tonal (mwachitsanzo, mu F. f-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri «HTK»: As-dur-Es-dur-c-moll). Kupitilira malire a kuchuluka kwa digiri ya 1st ya ubale ndi mawonekedwe a F. pambuyo (F. d-moll kuchokera ku Mozart's Requiem: F-dur-g-moll-c-moll-B-dur-f-moll). Gawo lotukuka lili ndi ulaliki umodzi wa mutuwo (F. Fis-dur kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya "HTK"), koma nthawi zambiri amakhala ambiri; zogwira m'magulu nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa kulumikizana pakati pa mutu ndi yankho (F. f-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"), kotero kuti nthawi zina gawo lomwe likutukuka limafanana ndi kuwonekera mu kiyi yachiwiri (F. e-moll, ibid.). Mu gawo lomwe likutukuka, strettas, masinthidwe amutu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (F.

Chizindikiro cha gawo lomaliza la F. (Chijeremani: SchluYateil der Fuge) ndikubwerera mwamphamvu ku main. key (nthawi zambiri, koma osati kwenikweni zokhudzana ndi mutuwo: mu F. F-dur kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya "HTK" mu miyeso 65-68, mutuwo "kusungunuka" m'chifaniziro; mu miyeso 23-24 F. D-dur 1 cholinga ndi "chokulitsidwa" mwa kutsanzira, chachiwiri m'mipiringidzo 2-25 - ndi chords). Gawoli likhoza kuyamba ndi yankho (F. f-moll, muyeso wa 27, kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 47; F. Es-dur, muyeso 1, kuchokera ku voliyumu yomweyi - yochokera ku kutsogolera kowonjezera) kapena muchinsinsi chachikulu cha ch. . ayi. Kuphatikizika ndi chitukuko choyambirira (F. B-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu 26, muyeso 1; Fis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yomweyi, muyeso wa 37 - wochokera ku kutsogolera kowonjezera; Fis-dur kuchokera ku 28 voliyumu, muyeso 2 - pambuyo pa kufanana ndi kutsutsana), yomwe imapezekanso muzosiyana zosiyana. mikhalidwe (F. mu G mu Hindemith's Ludus tonalis, bar 52). Gawo lomaliza mu fugues la Bach nthawi zambiri limakhala lalifupi (kubwereza kopangidwa mu F. f-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ndikosiyana) kuposa kufotokozera (mu 54-goli F. f-moll kuchokera mu 2st voliyumu ya "HTK" 4 machitidwe ) , mpaka kukula kwa cadenza yaing'ono (F. G-dur kuchokera ku 1 voliyumu ya "HTK"). Kulimbitsa kiyi yoyambira, kugwirizira kocheperako kwa mutuwo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsidwa (F. F-dur, bar 2, ndi f-moll, bar 2, kuchokera ku 66nd voliyumu ya "HTK"). Mavoti pomaliza. gawo, monga lamulo, silinazimitsidwe; nthawi zina, kuphatikizika kwa invoice kumawonetsedwa pomaliza. chord presentation (F. D-dur ndi g-moll kuchokera ku 72st voliyumu ya "HTK"). Ndi chifuniro chomaliza. chigawocho nthawi zina chimaphatikiza mapeto a mawonekedwe, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi stretta (F. g-moll kuchokera ku 2 voliyumu). Pomaliza. khalidweli limalimbikitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a chordal (miyezo 1 yomaliza ya F.); gawolo likhoza kukhala ndi mawu omaliza ngati code yaing'ono (mipiringidzo yotsiriza ya F. c-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK", yolembedwa ndi tonic. org. paragraph; mu F. yotchulidwa mu G ya Hindemith - basso ostinato); nthawi zina, gawo lomaliza likhoza kukhala lotseguka: mwina limakhala ndi kupitiriza kwa mtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, pamene F. ili mbali ya chitukuko cha sonata), kapena ikukhudzidwa ndi coda yaikulu ya kuzungulira, yomwe ili pafupi. mu khalidwe lolowera. chidutswa (org. prelude ndi P. a-moll, BWV 1). Mawu oti "kubwereza" kutsiriza. gawo F. lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mokhazikika, mwachidziwitso, ndi kulingalira koyenera kwa kusiyana kwakukulu. gawo F. kuchokera kufotokoza.

Kuchokera kutsanzira. mitundu yamawonekedwe okhwima, F. adatengera njira zowonetsera mawonekedwe (Kyrie kuchokera ku Pange lingua mass ndi Josquin Despres) ndi kuyankha kwa tonal. F.'s kutsogola kwa angapo. imeneyo inali motet. Poyamba wok. form, motet kenako anasamukira ku instr. nyimbo (Josquin Deprez, G. Isak) ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu canzone, yomwe gawo lotsatira ndi polyphonic. chosiyana cham'mbuyomo. Ma fugues a D. Buxtehude (onani, mwachitsanzo, org. prelude ndi P. d-moll: prelude - P. - quasi Recitativo - zosiyana F. - mapeto) kwenikweni canzones. F. yemwe adatsogola kwambiri anali chiwalo chamdima chimodzi kapena clavier ricercar (mdima umodzi, kulemera kwa mawonekedwe a stretta, njira zosinthira mutuwo, koma kusakhalapo kwa mawonekedwe a F.); F. amatcha ma ricercars awo S. Sheidt, I. Froberger. G. Frescobaldi's canzones ndi ricercars, komanso organ ndi clavier capriccios ndi zongopeka za Ya. Njira yopangira mawonekedwe a F. inali pang'onopang'ono; sonyezani “1st F” inayake. zosatheka.

Pakati pa zitsanzo zoyambirira, mawonekedwe ndi ofala, omwe akutukuka (German zweite Durchführung) ndi zigawo zomaliza ndizosankha zowonetsera (onani Repercussion, 1), motero, mawonekedwewa amapangidwa ngati mndandanda wa zotsutsana (mu ntchito yomwe tatchulayi. . Buxtehude F. ili ndi kufotokozera ndi 2 za zosiyana zake). Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pa nthawi ya GF Handel ndi JS Bach chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitukuko cha tonal mu filosofi. Nthawi zofunika kwambiri za kayendedwe ka tonal mu F. zimazindikirika ndi ma cadence omveka bwino (kawirikawiri angwiro), omwe ku Bach nthawi zambiri samayenderana ndi malire a chiwonetsero (mu F. D-dur kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya CTC, the 9 "kukokera mkati" h-moll-noe kutsogolera ku kufotokozera), kupanga zigawo zomaliza ndi "kudula" (mu F. cadence yabwino mu e-moll mu bar 17 pakati pa zomwe zikutukuka. gawo limagawaniza mawonekedwewo kukhala magawo awiri). Pali mitundu yambiri ya mawonekedwe a magawo awiri: F. C-dur kuchokera ku 2st voliyumu ya "HTK" (cadenza a-moll, muyeso 1), F. Fis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yomweyi imayandikira magawo awiri akale. mawonekedwe (cadenza pa olamulira, muyeso 14, cadence mu dis-moll pakati pa gawo lachitukuko, bar 17); mawonekedwe a sonata akale mu F. d-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 23 (stretta, yomwe imamaliza mayendedwe a 1, imasinthidwa kumapeto kwa F. mu kiyi yayikulu: cf. mipiringidzo 1-17 ndi 21-39) . Chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe a magawo atatu - F. e-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 44 ya "HTK" yokhala ndi chiyambi chomveka idzamaliza. gawo (muyeso 1).

Kusiyanasiyana kwapadera ndi F., momwe kupatuka ndi kusinthika sikumachotsedwa, koma kukhazikitsidwa kwa mutuwo ndi yankho zimaperekedwa makamaka. ndi olamulira (org. F. c-moll Bach, BWV 549), nthawi zina - pomaliza. gawo - mu subdominant (Contrapunctus I kuchokera ku Bach's Art of Fugue) makiyi. Izi F. nthawi zina amatchedwa monotonous (cf. Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., 1961), stable-tonal (Zolotarev V. A., 1932), wotsogola kwambiri. Maziko a chitukuko mwa iwo kawirikawiri mmodzi kapena wina contrapuntal. kuphatikiza (onani kutambasula mu F. Es-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"), kugwirizanitsanso ndi kusintha kwa mutuwo (magawo awiri F. C-moll, magawo atatu F. d-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"). Zachikalekale kale mu nthawi ya I. C. Bach, mafomuwa amapezeka nthawi zina pambuyo pake (mapeto a divertissement No. 1 ya Haydn baritones, Hob. XI 53). Mawonekedwe a rondo amapezeka pamene chigawo chachikulu chikuphatikizidwa mu gawo lomwe likutukuka. tonality (mu F. Cis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK", muyeso 1); Mozart adalemba fomu iyi (F. c-moll kwa zingwe. quartet, K.-V. 426). Ma fugues ambiri a Bach ali ndi mawonekedwe a sonata (mwachitsanzo, Coupe No. 1 kuchokera ku Misa mu h-moll). M'mawonekedwe a nthawi ya post-Bach, chikoka cha miyambo ya nyimbo za homophonic chikuwonekera, ndipo mawonekedwe omveka a magawo atatu amabwera patsogolo. Wolemba mbiri. Kupambana kwa ma symphonists aku Viennese kunali kusinthika kwa mawonekedwe a sonata ndi F. mawonekedwe, ochitidwa ngati fugue ya mawonekedwe a sonata (chomaliza cha Mozart's G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387), kapena ngati symphonization ya F., makamaka, kusintha kwa gawo lomwe likutukuka kukhala chitukuko cha sonata (chomaliza cha quartet, op. 59 Ayi. 3 ya Beethoven). Pamaziko a zopambana izi, mankhwala analengedwa. mu homophonic-polyphonic. mafomu (zophatikiza za sonata ndi F. kumapeto kwa symphony ya 5 ya Bruckner, yokhala ndi quadruple F. mu cholasi chomaliza cha cantata "Atawerenga salmo" Taneyev, ndi awiri F. mu gawo loyamba la symphony "The Artist Mathis" ndi Hindemith) ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za ma symphonies. F. (Gawo loyamba la oimba 1. suites ndi Tchaikovsky, mapeto a cantata "Yohane waku Damasiko" ndi Taneyev, orc. Zosiyanasiyana za Reger ndi Fugue pamutu wolembedwa ndi Mozart. Kukokera ku chiyambi cha mawu, chikhalidwe cha luso la chikondi, chinafikiranso ku mitundu ya F. (katundu wa zongopeka mu org. F. pamutu wa BACH Liszt, wowonetsedwa mowoneka bwino. kusiyanitsa, kuyambitsa kwa episodic, ufulu wa mawu). Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. F. mawonekedwe, koma nthawi yomweyo pali chizolowezi noticeable ntchito polyphonic zovuta kwambiri. zidule (onani No 4 kuchokera cantata "Atawerenga Salmo" ndi Taneyev). Miyambo. mawonekedwe nthawi zina amakhala chotsatira chapadera. chikhalidwe cha luso la neoclassical (concerto yomaliza ya 2 fp. Stravinsky). Nthawi zambiri, olemba amafunafuna kupeza miyambo. mawonekedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito. zotheka, kudzaza ndi ma harmonic osagwirizana. zinthu (mu F. C-dur up. 87 Yankho la Shostakovich ndi Mixolydian, cf. gawo - mumayendedwe achilengedwe amalingaliro ang'onoang'ono, ndi kubwereranso - ndi Lydian stretta) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito harmonic yatsopano. ndi kutumiza mameseji. Pamodzi ndi izi, olemba F. m'zaka za m'ma 20 kulenga kwathunthu munthu mitundu. Choncho, mu F. mu F kuchokera ku Hindemith "Ludus tonalis" kayendedwe ka 2 (kuchokera muyeso 30) ndi yochokera ku 1st movement mu rakish movement.

Kuphatikiza pa voliyumu imodzi, palinso F. pa 2, mocheperapo mitu itatu kapena inayi. Siyanitsani F. pa zingapo. iwo ndi F. zovuta (kwa 3 - kawiri, kwa 4 - katatu); kusiyana kwawo ndi kuti zovuta F. kumakhudza contrapuntal. kuphatikiza mitu (yonse kapena ina). F. pamitu ingapo m'mbiri yakale imachokera ku motet ndikuyimira otsatira angapo F. pamitu yosiyana (pali 2 mwa iwo mu org. chiyambi ndi F. a-moll Buxtehude). Mtundu uwu wa F. umapezeka pakati pa org. kupanga kwayaya; 3-zolinga F. “Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir” lolembedwa ndi Bach (BWV 2) lili ndi mafotokozedwe omwe amatsogola gawo lililonse lakwaya ndipo amamangidwa pa zinthu zawo; F. yotereyi imatchedwa strophic (nthawi zina mawu achijeremani akuti Schichtenaufbau amagwiritsidwa ntchito - kumanga m'magawo; onani chitsanzo mu ndime 6).

Kwa zovuta za F. zophiphiritsa zakuya sizodziwika; Mitu yake imangokhala yosiyana (yachiwiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yothamanga komanso yocheperako). Pali F. yokhala ndi mafotokozedwe ogwirizana a mitu (kawiri: org. F. h-moll Bach pa mutu wa Corelli, BWV 2, F. Kyrie wochokera ku Mozart's Requiem, kuyimba kwa piyano ndi F. op. 579 Taneyev; katatu: 29 -head. invention f-moll Bach, prelude A-dur kuchokera ku 3st voliyumu ya "HTK"; wachinayi F. kumapeto kwa cantata "Atatha kuwerenga Masalimo" ndi Taneyev) ndi mwaukadaulo wosavuta F. wokhala ndi mafotokozedwe osiyana (kawiri : F. gis-moll from 1 th volume of “HTK”, F. e-moll and d-moll op. 2 by Shostakovich, P. in A from “Ludus tonalis” by Hindemith, triple: P. fis-moll from voliyumu yachiwiri ya “HTK”, org. F. Es-dur, BWV 87, Contrapunctus XV yochokera ku The Art of the Fugue lolemba Bach, No 2 kuchokera ku cantata Pambuyo Powerenga Salmo lolemba Taneyev, F. mu C kuchokera ku Hindemith's Ludus tonalis ). Ena a F. ali amtundu wosakanikirana: mu F. cis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 552 ya CTC, mutu wa 3 umatsutsidwa powonetsera mitu ya 1 ndi 1; mu 2th P. kuchokera ku Diabelli's Variations on a Theme, op. 3 Mitu ya Beethoven imaperekedwa pawiri; mu F. kuchokera ku chitukuko cha symphony ya 120 ya Myaskovsky, mitu yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ikuwonetsedwa pamodzi, ndipo yachisanu ndi chiwiri padera.

JS Bach. Kukonzekera kwa chiwalo cha kwaya "Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir", chiwonetsero choyamba.

Pazithunzi zovuta, zikhalidwe zamapangidwe a chiwonetserochi zimawonedwa popereka mutu woyamba; kukhudzana etc. zochepa okhwima.

Mitundu yapadera imayimiridwa ndi F. kwa chorale. Thematically palokha F. ndi mtundu wa maziko a chorale, amene nthawi ndi nthawi (mwachitsanzo, mu interludes F.) amachitidwa mu nthawi zazikulu zosiyana ndi kayendedwe F.. Maonekedwe ofanana amapezeka pakati org . makonzedwe a kwaya a Bach (“Jesu, meine Freude”, BWV 713); chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi double P. to the chorale Confiteor No. 19 kuchokera ku mass in b-moll. Pambuyo pa Bach, mawonekedwe awa ndi osowa (mwachitsanzo, awiri F. ochokera ku Organ Sonata No. 3 ya Mendelssohn; F. yomaliza ya Taneyev's cantata John waku Damasiko); Lingaliro la kuphatikiza chorale mu chitukuko cha F. linakhazikitsidwa mu Prelude, Chorale ndi Fugue ya piyano. Frank, mu F. No 15 H-dur kuchokera ku "24 Preludes and Fugues" ya piyano. G. Muschel.

F. idawuka ngati chida, ndi zida (ndi tanthauzo lonse la wok. F.) adakhalabe wamkulu. sphere, momwe zinayambira mu nthawi yotsatira. Udindo wa F. kuchuluka pafupipafupi: kuyambira pa J. B. Lully, adalowa mu French. overture, I. Ya Froberger adagwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha fugue mu gigue (mu suite), Chitaliyana. masters adayambitsa F. в сонату kuchokera ku tchalitchi ndi konsati yoyipa. Mu theka lachiwiri. 17 mkati. F. ogwirizana ndi chiyambi, passacaglia, adalowa mu toccata (D. Buxtehude, G. Muffat); Ph.D. nthambi instr. F. -org. makwaya. F. anapeza ntchito mu misa, oratorios, cantatas. Pazl. mayendedwe a chitukuko F. ndili ndi classic. kufotokozera mu ntchito ya I. C. Bach. Main polyphonic. Kuzungulira kwa Bach kunali gawo la magawo awiri la prelude-F., lomwe lasungabe tanthauzo lake mpaka lero (mwachitsanzo, olemba ena azaka za zana la 20. Čiurlionis, nthawi zina amatsogozedwa ndi F. zambiri zoyambira). Mwambo wina wofunikira, womwe ukuchokera ku Bach, ndi mgwirizano wa F. (nthawi zina pamodzi ndi mawu oyamba) m'magulu akuluakulu (2 "XTK", "The Art of the Fugue"); mawonekedwe awa m'zaka za zana la 20. kupanga P. Hin-demit, D. D. Shostakovich, R. KWA. Schedrin, G. A. Muschel ndi ena. F. idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yatsopano ndi akale a Viennese: idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a Ph.D. kuchokera ku mbali za sonata-symphony. mkombero, mu Beethoven - monga chimodzi mwa zosiyana mu mkombero kapena monga gawo la mawonekedwe Mwachitsanzo. sonata (kawirikawiri fugato, osati F.). Kupambana kwa nthawi ya Bach m'munda wa F. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu masters azaka za 19th-20th. F. imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati ngati gawo lomaliza la kuzungulira, koma nthawi zina m'malo mwa sonata Allegro (mwachitsanzo, mu symphony ya 2 ya Saint-Saens); m’njira yakuti “Prelude, chorale and fugue” ya piyano. Frank F. ili ndi mawonekedwe a sonata, ndipo zolemba zonse zimawonedwa ngati zongopeka za sonata. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana F. nthawi zambiri amakhala womaliza womaliza (I. Brams, M. Reger). Fugato mu chitukuko c.-l. kuchokera ku mbali za symphony imakula mpaka F. ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa mawonekedwe (chomaliza cha Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 3; Symphonies ya Myaskovsky No. 10, 21); mu mawonekedwe a F. tinganene kuti.-l. kuchokera pamitu ya (mbali imodzi mumayendedwe 1 a quartet ya Myaskovsky No. 13). Mu nyimbo za m'ma 19 ndi 20. mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa a F. M'malingaliro osayembekezereka achikondi. woyimba nyimbo. thumbnail ikuwoneka fp. Schumann's fugue (op. 72 No 1) ndi zolinga 2 zokha. zolembedwa ndi Chopin. Nthawi zina (kuyambira ndi Haydn's The Four Seasons, No. 19) F. amatumikira kufotokoza. zolinga (chithunzi cha nkhondo ku Macbeth ndi Verdi; njira ya mtsinje ku Symph. ndakatulo "Vltava" ndi Smetana; "gawo lowombera" mumayendedwe achiwiri a Shostakovich's Symphony No. 11); mu F. chikondi chimadutsa. mophiphiritsa - grotesque (mapeto a Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony), ziwanda (op. F. Masamba), nsungu (symph. Strauss "Anatero Zarathustra" nthawi zina F. - wonyamula chifaniziro cha ngwazi (mawu oyamba a opera "Ivan Susanin" ndi Glinka; symphony. ndakatulo "Prometheus" ndi Liszt); mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za kutanthauzira koseketsa kwa F. phatikizani zochitika zankhondo kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2nd d. opera "Mastersingers of Nuremberg" ndi Wagner, gulu lomaliza la opera "Falstaff" yolembedwa ndi Verdi.

2) Mawu akuti, Crimea pa 14 - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 17 mabuku ovomerezeka anasankhidwa (m'lingaliro lamakono la liwu), ndiko kuti, kutsanzira kosalekeza m'mawu awiri kapena kuposa. "Fuga ndi chizindikiritso cha zigawo za nyimboyo malinga ndi nthawi, dzina, mawonekedwe, ndi mawu awo ndi kupuma" (I. Tinktoris, 2, m'buku: Musical Aesthetics of the Western European Middle Ages and Renaissance , tsamba 1475). M'mbiri F. amatseka zovomerezeka zotere. mitundu ngati Italy. caccia (caccia) ndi French. shas (kuthamangitsa): chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha kusaka mwa iwo chikugwirizana ndi "kufunafuna" kwa mawu otsanzira, omwe dzina F limachokera. Mu 370nd floor. 2 ndi c. mawu akuti Missa ad fugam amatuluka, kutanthauza unyinji wolembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zovomerezeka. njira (d'Ortho, Josquin Despres, Palestrina).

J. Okegem. Fugue, chiyambi.

M'zaka za zana la 16 adasiyanitsa F. okhwima (Latin legata) ndi mfulu (Latin sciolta); m'zaka za m'ma 17 F. legata pang'onopang'ono "kusungunuka" mu lingaliro la canon, F. sciolta "outgrew" mu F. masiku ano. nzeru. Popeza mu F. 14-15 zaka. mawu sanali osiyana mu kujambula, nyimbozi zinalembedwa pamzere womwewo ndi kutchulidwa kwa njira yolembera (onani izi m'magulu: Mafunso amtundu wa nyimbo, nkhani 2, M., 1972, p. 7). Fuga canonica mu Epidiapente (ie canonical P. kumtunda kwachisanu) imapezeka mu Bach's Musical Offing; 2-goal canon yokhala ndi mawu owonjezera ndi F. mu B kuchokera ku Hindemith's Ludus tonalis.

3) Fugue m'zaka za zana la 17. - mawu a nyimbo. chithunzi chomwe chimatsanzira kuthamanga mothandizidwa ndi kutsatizana kofulumira kwa mawu pamene mawu ofanana akuimbidwa (onani Chithunzi).

Zothandizira: Arensky A., Kalozera pakuphunzira zamitundu yanyimbo zoyimba ndi mawu, gawo XNUMX. 1, M., 1893, 1930; Klimov M. G., Chitsogozo chachidule cha kafukufuku wa counterpoint, canon and fugue, M., 1911; Zolotarev V. A., Fugu. Kalozera ku phunziro lothandiza, M., 1932, 1965; Tyulin Yu., Crystallization wa thematism mu ntchito ya Bach ndi akalambula ake, "SM", 1935, No 3; Skrebkov S., Kusanthula kwa Polyphonic, M. - L., 1940; ake, Textbook of polyphony, ch. 1-2, M. - L., 1951, M., 1965; Sposobin I. V., Musical form, M. - L., 1947, 1972; Makalata angapo ochokera kwa S. NDI. Taneyev pa nkhani zanyimbo ndi zongopeka, onani. Vl. Protopopov, m'buku: S. NDI. Taneev. zipangizo ndi zikalata, etc. 1, M., 1952; Dolzhansky A., Ponena za fugue, "SM", 1959, No 4, chimodzimodzi, m'buku lake: Zosankha Zosankhidwa, L., 1973; ake, 24 mawu oyamba ndi ma fugues a D. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Kershner L. M., Chiyambi cha nyimbo za Bach, M., 1959; Mazel L., Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960, onjezerani., M., 1979; Grigoriev S. S., Muller T. F., Buku la Polyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Dmitriev A. N., Polyphony as a factor of shape, L., 1962; Protopopov V., Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Nyimbo za ku Russia zachikale ndi za Soviet, M., 1962; wake, Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale zaku Western Europe zazaka za XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; wake, The Procedural Significance of Polyphony in the Musical Form of Beethoven, mu: Beethoven, vol. 2, M., 1972; ake omwe, Richerkar ndi canzona m'zaka za 2th-1972th ndi kusinthika kwawo, mu Sat.: Mafunso a mawonekedwe a nyimbo, nkhani 1979, M., XNUMX; ake, Zojambula za mbiri yakale ya zida za XNUMX - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, M., XNUMX; Etinger M., Harmony ndi polyphony. (Zolemba za polyphonic za Bach, Hindemith, Shostakovich), "SM", 1962, No12; ake, Harmony mu polyphonic cycles of Hindemith ndi Shostakovich, mu: Theoretical problems of music of the XX century, no. 1, M., 1967; Yuzhak K., Zina mwamapangidwe a fugue I. C. Bach, M., 1965; iye, Pa chikhalidwe ndi zenizeni za kuganiza kwa polyphonic, m'magulu: Polyphony, M., 1975; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo za Western Europe Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, M., 1966; Milstein Ya. Ine., Wokwiya Kwambiri Clavier I. C. Bach…, M., 1967; Taneev S. I., Kuchokera ku sayansi ndi pedagogical heritage, M., 1967; Ndi Z. V., Maphunziro a nyimbo zongopeka. Record M. NDI. Glinka, m'buku: Glinka M., Kutolere kwathunthu. uwu., vol. 17, M., 1969; wake, O fugue, ibid.; Zaderatsky V., Polyphony mu zida za D. Shostakovich, M., 1969; ake, Late Stravinsky's Polyphony: Mafunso a Interval ndi Rhythmic Density, Stylistic Synthesis, mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 9, Moscow, 1975; Christianen L. L., Preludes ndi Fugues wolemba R. Shchedrin, mu: Questions of Music Theory, vol. 2, M., 1970; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zaku Western Europe zazaka za XVII-XVIII, M., 1971; Bat N., Mitundu ya Polyphonic muzolemba za symphonic za P. Hindemith, mu: Questions of Musical Form, vol. 2, M., 1972; Bogatyrev S. S., (Analysis of some fugues by Bach), mu bukhu: S. C. Bogatyrev. Research, zolemba, memoirs, M., 1972; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972; Likhacheva I., Ladotonality of fugues by Rodion Shchedrin, in: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 2, M., 1973; ake, Thematism ndi chitukuko chake chofotokozera mu fugues za R. Shchedrin, mu: Polyphony, M., 1975; zake, 24 zoyambira ndi zotsutsana ndi R. Shchedrina, M., 1975; Zakharova O., Nyimbo zoyimba za XNUMX - theka loyamba la zaka za zana la XNUMX, zophatikiza: Mavuto a Sayansi Yoyimba, vol. 3, M., 1975; Kon Yu., Pafupifupi ma fugues awiri I. Stravinsky, m’gulu: Polyphony, M., 1975; Levaya T., Ubale Wopingasa ndi woyimirira mu fugues za Shostakovich ndi Hindemith, muzosonkhanitsa: Polyphony, Moscow, 1975; Litinsky G., Zisanu ndi ziwiri za fugues ndi recitatives (zolemba zam'mphepete mwa nyanja), mukusonkhanitsa: Aram Ilyich Khachaturyan, M., 1975; Retrash A., Mitundu ya nyimbo zoyimbira mochedwa Renaissance komanso mapangidwe a sonata ndi suite, m'buku: Mafunso a Theory ndi Aesthetics of Music, vol. 14, L., 1975; Tsaher I., Vuto lomaliza mu B-dur quartet op. 130 Beethoven, mu Sat: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 3, M., 1975; Chugaev A., Zochitika za kapangidwe ka Bach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Mikhailenko A., Pa mfundo za kapangidwe ka Taneyev's fugues, mu: Mafunso a mawonekedwe a nyimbo, vol. 3, M., 1977; Zowonera m'mbiri ya nyimbo, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Nazaikinsky E., Udindo wa timbre pakupanga mutuwo ndi chitukuko chamutu pamikhalidwe ya polyphony yotsanzira, m'magulu: S. C. Scrapers.

VP Frayonov