Niccolò Paganini (Niccolò Paganini) |

Niccolo Paganini

Kodi pakanakhala wojambula wina wotero, amene moyo wake ndi kutchuka kwake zikanaŵala ndi kuwala kwa dzuŵa koŵala kotere, wojambula amene dziko lonse lingamzindikire m’kulambira kwawo kwachangu monga mfumu ya amisiri onse. F. Mndandanda

Ku Italy, m'tauni ya Genoa, violin yowoneka bwino ya Paganini imasungidwa, yomwe adapereka kumudzi kwawo. Kamodzi pachaka, malinga ndi mwambo wokhazikitsidwa, oimba violin otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amawasewera. Paganini adatcha violin "kanononi wanga" - umu ndi momwe woimbayo adafotokozera kutenga nawo gawo pagulu lomenyera ufulu wadziko ku Italy, lomwe lidachitika m'zaka zitatu zoyambirira zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Luso lamphamvu, lopanduka la woyimba zeze linakweza mtima wokonda dziko la Italiya, kuwatcha kuti amenyane ndi kusamvera malamulo. Chifukwa cha chifundo cha gulu la Carbonari ndi mawu otsutsa atsogoleri, Paganini anatchedwa “Genoese Jacobin” ndipo anazunzidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika. Nthawi zambiri ma concert ake ankaletsedwa ndi apolisi, omwe ankamuyang'anira.

Paganini anabadwira m'banja la wamalonda wamng'ono. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka zinayi, mandolin, violin ndi gitala anakhala anzake a moyo woimba. Aphunzitsi a woyimba mtsogolo anali bambo ake, wokonda kwambiri nyimbo, ndiyeno J. Costa, woyimba violini wa Cathedral of San Lorenzo. konsati yoyamba ya Paganini inachitika ali ndi zaka 11. Zina mwa nyimbo zomwe adachita, adachitanso zosiyana za woimbayo pamutu wa nyimbo yachi French "Carmagnola".

Posakhalitsa dzina la Paganini linadziwika kwambiri. Iye anapereka zoimbaimba ku Northern Italy, kuyambira 1801 mpaka 1804 ankakhala mu Tuscany. Ndi nthawi imeneyi kuti kulengedwa kwa caprices wotchuka wa solo violin ndi. Pa nthawi ya kutchuka kwake, Paganini anasintha ntchito yake ya konsati kwa zaka zingapo kupita ku khoti ku Lucca (1805-08), ndipo pambuyo pake adabwereranso ku konsati. Pang'onopang'ono, kutchuka kwa Paganini kupitirira Italy. Oyimba violin ambiri a ku Ulaya anabwera kudzayeza mphamvu zawo ndi iye, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene angakhale mpikisano wake woyenera.

Ubwino wa Paganini unali wodabwitsa, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi omvera ndizodabwitsa komanso zosamvetsetseka. Kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake, iye ankawoneka ngati chinsinsi, chodabwitsa. Ena ankamuona kuti ndi wanzeru, ena anali wonyenga; dzina lake anayamba kupeza nthano zosiyanasiyana wosangalatsa pa moyo wake. Komabe, izi zinathandizidwa kwambiri ndi chiyambi cha maonekedwe ake a "ziwanda" komanso zochitika zachikondi za mbiri yake zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mayina a akazi ambiri olemekezeka.

Ali ndi zaka 46, atatchuka kwambiri, Paganini anapita kunja kwa Italy kwa nthawi yoyamba. Zoimbaimba zake ku Europe zidapangitsa chidwi cha akatswiri otsogola. F. Schubert ndi G. Heine, W. Goethe ndi O. Balzac, E. Delacroix ndi TA Hoffmann, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz, G. Rossini, J. Meyerbeer ndi ena ambiri anali pansi pa chikoka cha hypnotic violin wa Paganini. Phokoso lake linayambitsa nthawi yatsopano muzojambula. Chochitika cha Paganini chinali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa ntchito ya F. Liszt, amene anatcha maseŵera a katswiri wa ku Italy “chozizwitsa champhamvu chauzimu.”

Ulendo wa Paganini ku Ulaya unatenga zaka 10. Anabwerera kwawo akudwala mwakayakaya. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Paganini, curia papa kwa nthawi yaitali sanapereke chilolezo kuikidwa m'manda ku Italy. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, phulusa la woimbayo linatengedwa kupita ku Parma ndi kuikidwa kumeneko.

Woyimira wowala kwambiri wa chikondi mu nyimbo za Paganini anali wojambula kwambiri wa dziko. Ntchito yake makamaka imachokera ku miyambo yaluso ya anthu aku Italiya komanso luso loimba.

Ntchito za woimbayo zimamvekabe kwambiri pa siteji ya konsati, kupitirizabe kukopa omvera ndi cantilena osatha, zinthu za virtuoso, chilakolako, malingaliro opanda malire poulula zotheka za violin. Ntchito zomwe Paganini amachita nthawi zambiri ndi Campanella (The Bell), rondo kuchokera ku Second Violin Concerto, ndi First Violin Concerto.

"24 Capricci" yodziwika bwino ya violin solo imatengedwa kuti ndiyo kupambana kopambana kwa oimba violin. Khalanibe mu repertoire ya oimba ndi zina za Paganini - pa mitu ya opera "Cinderella", "Tancred", "Mose" ndi G. Rossini, pa mutu wa ballet "Ukwati wa Benevento" ndi F. Süssmeier (wolemba nyimboyi adatcha "Mfiti"), komanso nyimbo zabwino kwambiri "Carnival of Venice" ndi "Perpetual Motion".

Paganini ankadziwa osati violin, komanso gitala. Ambiri mwa nyimbo zake, zolembedwa kwa violin ndi gitala, zimaphatikizidwabe mu repertoire ya oimba.

Nyimbo za Paganini zinalimbikitsa olemba ambiri. Zina mwa ntchito zake zakonzedwa kuti limba ndi Liszt, Schumann, K. Riemanovsky. Nyimbo za Campanella ndi makumi awiri ndi zinayi za Caprice zinapanga maziko a makonzedwe ndi kusiyana kwa olemba a mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ndi masukulu: Liszt, Chopin, I. Brahms, S. Rachmaninov, V. Lutoslavsky. Chifaniziro chomwecho chachikondi cha woimbayo chikugwidwa ndi G. Heine m'nkhani yake "Florentine Nights".

I. Vetlitsyna

Wobadwira m'banja la wamalonda wamng'ono, wokonda nyimbo. Ali wamng'ono, adaphunzira kwa bambo ake kusewera mandolin, kenako violin. Kwa nthawi ndithu anaphunzira ndi J. Costa, yemwe anali woyamba kuimba vayolini m’tchalitchi cha Cathedral of San Lorenzo. Ali ndi zaka 11, adapereka konsati yodziyimira pawokha ku Genoa (pakati pa ntchito zomwe adachita - kusiyanasiyana kwake panyimbo yaku French "Carmagnola"). Mu 1797-98 iye anapereka zoimbaimba ku Northern Italy. Mu 1801-04 ankakhala ku Tuscany, mu 1804-05 - ku Genoa. M'zaka izi, iye analemba "24 Capricci" kwa solo violin, sonatas kwa violin ndi gitala kutsagana, zingwe quartets (ndi gitala). Atatumikira ku bwalo lamilandu ku Lucca (1805-08), Paganini anadzipereka kotheratu ku konsati. Pamakonsati ku Milan (1815), mpikisano unachitika pakati pa Paganini ndi woyimba violini wa ku France C. Lafont, yemwe adavomereza kuti adagonjetsedwa. Zinali chiwonetsero cha kulimbana komwe kunachitika pakati pa sukulu yakale yachikale ndi chikhalidwe chachikondi (pambuyo pake, mpikisano wofanana mu luso la piano unachitika ku Paris pakati pa F. Liszt ndi Z. Thalberg). Zochita za Paganini (kuyambira 1828) ku Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, France, England, ndi maiko ena zidapangitsa kuti anthu otchuka kwambiri pazaluso (Liszt, R. Schumann, H. Heine, ndi ena) amusangalatse. ulemerero wa virtuoso wosayerekezeka. Makhalidwe a Paganini adazunguliridwa ndi nthano zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zidathandizidwa ndi chiyambi cha maonekedwe ake "zachiwanda" ndi zochitika zachikondi za mbiri yake. Atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika anazunza Paganini chifukwa cha mawu otsutsa atsogoleri ndi kuchitira chifundo gulu la Carbonari. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Paganini, curia ya papa sanapereke chilolezo choikidwa m'manda ku Italy. Patapita zaka zambiri, phulusa la Paganini linasamutsidwa kupita ku Parma. Chithunzi cha Paganini chinagwidwa ndi G. Heine m'nkhani ya Florentine Nights (1836).

Ntchito yopita patsogolo ya Paganini ndi imodzi mwazinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri zachikondi zanyimbo, zomwe zidafala kwambiri muzojambula zachi Italiya (kuphatikiza ndi zisudzo zokonda dziko la G. Rossini ndi V. Bellini) motsogozedwa ndi gulu lomasula dziko la 10-30s. . Zaka za m'ma 19 Zojambula za Paganini zinali m'njira zambiri zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya French romantics: wolemba nyimbo G. Berlioz (yemwe Paganini anali woyamba kuyamikira kwambiri ndikumuthandiza mwakhama), wojambula E. Delacroix, wolemba ndakatulo V. Hugo. Paganini adakopa omvera ndi njira zomwe adachita, kunyezimira kwa zithunzi zake, kuwuluka kowoneka bwino, kusiyanitsa kodabwitsa, komanso kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwamasewera ake. Mu luso lake, otchedwa. Zongopeka zaulere zowonetsera mawonekedwe amtundu waku Italiya wotukuka. Paganini anali woyimba zeze woyamba kuchita pamtima mapulogalamu a konsati. Pofotokoza molimba mtima njira zatsopano zosewerera, kukulitsa kuthekera kwamitundu ya chidacho, Paganini adakulitsa gawo lazojambula za violin, adayika maziko a luso lamakono la violin. Anagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chida chonsecho, anagwiritsa ntchito kutambasula kwa chala, kudumpha, njira zosiyanasiyana zolembera, ma harmonics, pizzicato, kukwapula kwa percussive, kusewera pa chingwe chimodzi. Zina mwa ntchito za Paganini zimakhala zovuta kwambiri moti pambuyo pa imfa yake zinkaonedwa kuti sizingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali (Y. Kubelik anali woyamba kuzisewera).

Paganini ndi wopeka kwambiri. Zolemba zake zimasiyanitsidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi kutsekemera kwa nyimbo, kulimba mtima kwa ma modulations. Mu cholowa chake chopanga chodziwika bwino "24 capricci" cha solo violin op. 1 (mu zina mwazo, mwachitsanzo, mu capriccio ya 21, mfundo zatsopano za chitukuko cha nyimbo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyembekezera njira za Liszt ndi R. Wagner), 1st ndi 2nd concertos za violin ndi orchestra (D-dur, 1811; h -moll, 1826; gawo lomaliza lomaliza ndi lodziwika bwino "Campanella"). Kusiyanasiyana kwa opera, nyimbo za ballet ndi zowerengeka, ntchito za chipinda-zida, ndi zina zotero, zinathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito ya Paganini. virtuoso kwambiri pa gitala, Paganini analembanso za zidutswa 200 kwa chida ichi.

Mu ntchito yake yolemba, Paganini amachita ngati wojambula kwambiri wa dziko, kudalira miyambo ya anthu a ku Italy. Ntchito zomwe adalenga, zodziwika ndi kudziyimira pawokha kalembedwe, kulimba mtima kwa kapangidwe kake, komanso luso lazopangapanga, zidakhala poyambira pakukula kotsatira kwa luso la violin. Zogwirizana ndi mayina a Liszt, F. Chopin, Schumann ndi Berlioz, kusintha kwa piyano ndi luso la zida, zomwe zinayamba mu 30s. Zaka za m'ma 19, zidachitika makamaka chifukwa cha luso la Paganini. Zinakhudzanso kupangidwa kwa chinenero chatsopano cha melodic, khalidwe la nyimbo zachikondi. Chikoka cha Paganini chimachokera m'zaka za zana la 20. (Concerto yoyamba ya violin ndi orchestra yolembedwa ndi Prokofiev; violin yotereyi imagwira ntchito ngati "Nthano" yolemba Szymanowski, zongopeka zamakonsati "Gypsy" lolemba Ravel). Zina mwa ntchito za violin za Paganini zakonzedwa kuti zikhale piyano ndi Liszt, Schumann, I. Brahms, SV Rachmaninov.

Kuyambira 1954, Paganini International Violin Competition yakhala ikuchitika chaka chilichonse ku Genoa.

Ndi Yampolsky

M’zaka zimenezo pamene Rossini ndi Bellini anakopa chidwi cha oimba, Italy anaika patsogolo woyimba violin waluso ndi wopeka Niccolò Paganini. Zojambula zake zidakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Mofanana ndi olemba nyimbo za opera, Paganini anakulira m'dziko la dzikolo. Italy, malo obadwirako opera, nthawi yomweyo inali likulu la chikhalidwe cha zida zakale zoweramira. Kalelo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, sukulu ya violin yowoneka bwino idawuka kumeneko, yoyimiridwa ndi mayina a Legrenzi, Marini, Veracini, Vivaldi, Corelli, Tartini. Kukula moyandikana kwambiri ndi luso la opera, nyimbo za violin za ku Italy zinayamba kutsata demokalase.

Kuyimba kwa nyimboyi, mawonekedwe ozungulira a mawu anyimbo, "concert" yodabwitsa, mawonekedwe apulasitiki a mawonekedwe - zonsezi zidapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi opera.

Miyambo yothandizayi inali yamoyo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Paganini, amene anaphimbidwa akalambula ake ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, kuwala mu kuwundana chochititsa chidwi kwambiri virtuoso violinists monga Viotti, Rode ndi ena.

Kufunika kwapadera kwa Paganini sikukugwirizana kokha ndi mfundo yakuti mwachiwonekere iye anali katswiri wamkulu wa violin mu mbiri ya nyimbo. Paganini ndi wamkulu, choyamba, monga mlengi wa kalembedwe katsopano kachikondi. Monga Rossini ndi Bellini, luso lake linakhala ngati chisonyezero chachikondi chogwira mtima chomwe chinayambika ku Italy mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro otchuka omasula. Njira yodabwitsa ya Paganini, itadutsa machitidwe onse a violin, inakwaniritsa zofunikira zatsopano zaluso. Kupsa mtima kwake, mawonekedwe otsindikitsidwa, kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa malingaliro odabwitsa kunayambitsa njira zatsopano, zowoneka bwino zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Chikhalidwe chachikondi cha ntchito zambiri za Paganini za violin (pali 80 mwa izo, zomwe 20 sizinasindikizidwe) makamaka chifukwa cha nkhokwe yapadera ya virtuoso performance. Mu chilengedwe cha Paganini pali ntchito zomwe zimakopa chidwi ndi kusinthika molimba mtima komanso chiyambi cha chitukuko cha nyimbo, kukumbukira nyimbo za Liszt ndi Wagner (mwachitsanzo, Twenty-First Capriccio). Komabe, chinthu chachikulu mu ntchito Paganini vayolini - virtuosity, amene mosalekeza anakankhira malire a expressiveness wa luso zida za nthawi yake. Ntchito zofalitsidwa za Paganini sizimapereka chithunzi chonse cha mawu awo enieni, chifukwa chofunika kwambiri pa kalembedwe ka wolemba wawo chinali zongopeka zaulere monga momwe anthu a ku Italy amasinthira. Paganini adabwereka zambiri mwazochita zake kuchokera kwa ochita zisudzo. Ndi khalidwe kuti oimira sukulu mosamalitsa maphunziro (mwachitsanzo, Spurs) anaona mu masewera ake mbali "buffoonery". Ndizofunikiranso kuti, monga virtuoso, Paganini adawonetsa luso pochita ntchito zake.

Umunthu wosazolowereka wa Paganini, chifaniziro chake chonse cha "wojambula waulere" chimagwirizana bwino ndi malingaliro anthawi ya wojambula wachikondi. Kusanyalanyaza kwake kowona za misonkhano yapadziko lapansi komanso chifundo kwa anthu otsika, kuyendayenda muunyamata wake ndi kuyendayenda kutali m'zaka zake zokhwima, mawonekedwe achilendo, "achiwanda" ndipo, potsiriza, luso losamvetsetseka linayambitsa nthano za iye. . Atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika anazunza Paganini chifukwa cha mawu ake otsutsa atsogoleri ndi chifukwa cha chifundo chake ndi a Carbonari. Zinafika ku zonenedweratu za "kukhulupirika kwa mdierekezi".

Malingaliro a ndakatulo a Heine, pofotokoza zamatsenga za kusewera kwa Paganini, akuwonetsa chithunzi cha chiyambi chauzimu cha talente yake.

Paganini anabadwira ku Genoa pa October 27, 1782. Bambo ake anamuphunzitsa kuimba violin. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, Paganini adawonekera koyamba pagulu, akuchita zosiyana zake pamutu wa nyimbo ya French revolutionary Carmagnola. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu adapanga ulendo wake woyamba ku Lombardy. Zitatha izi, Paganini adayika chidwi chake pakuphatikiza ntchito za violin mwanjira yatsopano. Izi zisanachitike, adaphunzira kupanga kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha, ndikupanga ma fugues makumi awiri ndi anayi panthawiyi. Pakati pa 1801 ndi 1804, Paganini anali ndi chidwi kupeka kwa gitala (analenga zidutswa 200 kwa chida ichi). Kupatulapo zaka zitatu izi, pamene sanawonekere pa siteji, Paganini, mpaka zaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu, anapereka zoimbaimba ambiri ndi kupambana kwambiri mu Italy. Kukula kwa zisudzo zake tingayezedwe ndi chakuti mu nyengo imodzi mu 1813 anapereka zoimbaimba pafupifupi makumi anayi mu Milan.

ulendo wake woyamba kunja kwa dziko unachitika mu 1828 (Vienna, Warsaw, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin, Paris, London ndi mizinda ina). Ulendo umenewu unamubweretsera kutchuka padziko lonse. Paganini adachita chidwi chodabwitsa pagulu komanso kwa akatswiri otsogola. Ku Vienna - Schubert, ku Warsaw - Chopin, ku Leipzig - Schumann, ku Paris - Liszt ndi Berlioz adagwidwa ndi luso lake. Mu 1831, monga ojambula ambiri, Paganini anakhazikika ku Paris, atakopeka ndi moyo wachisokonezo ndi luso la likulu la mayiko. Anakhala kumeneko zaka zitatu ndipo anabwerera ku Italy. Matenda anakakamiza Paganini kuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha zisudzo. Anamwalira pa May 27, 1840.

Chikoka cha Paganini chimaonekera kwambiri m'munda wa nyimbo za violin, momwe adasinthira kwenikweni. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali chikhumbo chake pa sukulu ya ku Belgian ndi French ya oimba violin.

Komabe, ngakhale kunja kwa derali, luso la Paganini linasiya chizindikiro chokhalitsa. Schumann, Liszt, Brahms anakonza maphunziro a piyano Paganini kuchokera ku ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri - "24 capriccios for solo violin" op. 1, zomwe ziri, titero, encyclopedia ya njira zake zatsopano zochitira.

(Njira zambiri zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Paganini ndi chitukuko cholimba cha mfundo zaumisiri zomwe zimapezeka m'mayambiriro a Paganini komanso m'zochita za anthu. Izi zikuphatikiza izi: kuchuluka kosayerekezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka bwino, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kwakukulu kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. violin komanso kulemeretsa kwakukulu kwa timbre yake; yobwerekedwa kwa woyimba violini wazaka za zana la XNUMX Bieber makina osiyanasiyana osinthira violin kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe owoneka bwino; kugwiritsa ntchito phokoso la pizzicato ndi kusewera kwa uta nthawi imodzi: kusewera osati pawiri kokha. , komanso zolemba zitatu; chromatic glissandos ndi chala chimodzi, njira zosiyanasiyana za uta, kuphatikizapo staccato ; ntchito pa chingwe chimodzi; kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa chingwe chachinayi mpaka ma octave atatu ndi ena.)

Maphunziro a piyano a Chopin adapangidwanso mothandizidwa ndi Paganini. Ndipo ngakhale mu kalembedwe ka pianistic ka Chopin n'kovuta kuona kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi njira za Paganini, komabe ndi kwa iye kuti Chopin ali ndi ngongole chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwake kwatsopano kwa mtundu wa etude. Choncho, piyano yachikondi, yomwe inatsegula nthawi yatsopano m'mbiri ya limba ya piyano, mosakayika idapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi kalembedwe katsopano ka virtuoso ka Paganini.

VD Konen

Zolemba:

kwa solo violin - 24 capricci op. 1 (1801-07; ed. Mil., 1820), mawu oyamba ndi zosiyana Pamene mtima umayima (Nel cor piu non mi sento, pamutu wochokera ku Paisiello's La Belle Miller, 1820 kapena 1821); kwa violin ndi orchestra - 5 concertos (D-dur, op. 6, 1811 kapena 1817-18; h-minor, op. 7, 1826, ed. P., 1851; E-dur, popanda op., 1826; d-moll, popanda op., 1830, ed. Mil., 1954; a-moll, inayamba mu 1830), 8 sonatas (1807-28, kuphatikizapo Napoleon, 1807, pa chingwe chimodzi; Spring, Primavera, 1838 kapena 1839), Perpetual Motion (Il moto perpetuo, op. 11, pambuyo pa 1830), Kusiyana (Mfiti, La streghe, pamutu wochokera ku Süssmayr's Marriage of Benevento, op. 8, 1813; Pemphero, Preghiera, pamutu wochokera kwa Rossini's Moses , pa chingwe chimodzi, 1818 kapena 1819; Sindikumvanso chisoni pamoto, Non piu mesta accanto al fuoco, pamutu wochokera ku Rossini's Cinderella, op. Rossini's Tancred, op.12, mwina 1819); kwa viola ndi orchestra - sonata ya viola yayikulu (mwina 1834); kwa violin ndi gitala - 6 sonatas, op. 2 (1801-06), 6 sonatas, op. 3 (1801-06), Cantabile (d-moll, ed. for skr. ndi fp., W., 1922); kwa gitala ndi violin - sonata (1804, ed. Fr. / M., 1955/56), Grand Sonata (ed. Lpz. - W., 1922); ma ensembles a chipinda - Concert trio for viola, vlc. ndi magitala (Spanish 1833, ed. 1955-56), 3 quartets, op. 4 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820), 3 quartets, op. 5 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820) ndi 15 quartets (1818-20; ed. quartet No. 7, Fr./M., 1955/56) kwa violin, viola, gitala ndi mawu, 3 quartet kwa 2 skr., viola ndi vlc. (1800s, ed. quartet E-dur, Lpz., 1840s); mawu-zida, nyimbo zoimbira, etc.

Zothandizira:

Yampolsky I., Paganini - gitala, "SM", 1960, No9; wake, Niccolò Paganini. Moyo ndi zilandiridwenso, M., 1961, 1968 (notography ndi chronograph); wake, Capricci N. Paganini, M., 1962 (B-ka womvetsera wa makonsati); Palmin AG, Niccolo Paganini. 1782-1840. Chidule chachidule cha mbiri yakale. Buku la Achinyamata, L., 1961.