György Ligeti |

György Ligeti

Dziko lomveka la Ligeti, lotseguka ngati fani, kumverera kwa nyimbo zake, zomwe sizimamveka bwino m'mawu, mphamvu zakuthambo, kuwonetsera masoka owopsa kwa mphindi imodzi kapena ziwiri, zimapereka zozama komanso zamphamvu ku ntchito zake ngakhale, poyang'ana koyamba. , iwo ali kutali ndi zomwe kapena chochitika. M. Pandey

D. Ligeti ndi m'modzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri ku Western Europe m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Zikondwerero ndi ma congress, maphunziro ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amaperekedwa ku ntchito yake. Ligeti ndi mwiniwake wa maudindo ambiri aulemu.

Wolembayo adaphunzira ku Budapest High School of Music (1945-49). Kuyambira 1956 wakhala ku West, akuphunzitsa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 1973 wakhala akugwira ntchito ku Hamburg School of Music. Ligeti adayamba ntchito yake monga Bartokian wolimba ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha nyimbo zachikale. Nthawi zonse ankapereka msonkho kwa Bartok, ndipo mu 1977 adapanga mtundu wa chithunzi cha nyimbo cha woimba mu "Monument" (zidutswa zitatu za piano ziwiri).

Mu 50s. Ligeti adagwira ntchito ku studio yamagetsi ya Cologne - pambuyo pake adatcha zoyeserera zake zoyambirira "zolimbitsa thupi zala", ndipo posachedwapa adati: "Sindidzagwira ntchito ndi kompyuta." Ligeti anali woyamba kutsutsa mitundu ina ya njira zolembera, zodziwika mu 50s. Kumadzulo (serialism, aleatorics), kafukufuku wodzipereka ku nyimbo za A. Webern, P. Boulez ndi ena. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60. Ligeti anasankha njira yodziyimira payokha, kulengeza kubwereranso ku mawu otsegulira nyimbo, kutsimikizira kufunika kwa phokoso ndi mtundu. Mu "non-impressionistic" nyimbo za orchestra "Visions" (1958-59), "Atmospheres" (1961), zomwe zidamubweretsera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, Ligeti adapeza mayankho anyimbo zowoneka bwino, zapamalo potengera kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa njira zama polyphonic, zomwe. wolembayo amatchedwa "micropolyphony". Mizu ya majini ya lingaliro la Ligeti ili mu nyimbo za C. Debussy ndi R. Wagner, B. Bartok ndi A. Schoenberg. Wolembayo adalongosola ma micropolyphony motere: "polyphony idapangidwa ndikukhazikika muzolemba, zomwe siziyenera kumveka, sitimva ma polyphony, koma zomwe zimapanga ... Za izo zabisika pansi pa madzi. Koma momwe iceberg iyi imawonekera, momwe imayendera, momwe imatsukidwira ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana m'nyanja - zonsezi sizikugwira ntchito pazowoneka zake zokha, komanso ku gawo lake losaoneka. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikunena kuti: zolemba zanga ndi njira zojambulira ndizopanda ndalama, ndizowononga. Ndikuwonetsa zambiri zomwe sizimamveka mwazokha. Koma mfundo yoti izi zafotokozedwa ndizofunikira pamalingaliro onse ... "

Tsopano ndinaganiza za nyumba yaikulu, yomwe zambiri sizikuwoneka. Komabe, amatenga gawo lonse, popanga chithunzi chonse. Zolemba zokhazikika za Ligeti zimatengera kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ka mawu, kusinthana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndege, mawanga ndi unyinji, pakusinthasintha pakati pa zomveka ndi phokoso: malinga ndi wolemba, "malingaliro oyambilira anali okhudza ma labyrinths okhala ndi nthambi zambiri zodzazidwa ndi phokoso ndi phokoso laling'ono." Kuchulukana kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kwadzidzidzi, kusintha kwa malo kumakhala chinthu chachikulu pagulu la nyimbo (nthawi - machulukitsidwe kapena kupepuka, kachulukidwe kapena kuchepera, kusasunthika kapena kuthamanga kwake kumadalira mwachindunji kusintha kwa "labyrinths yanyimbo". a 60s amalumikizidwanso ndi zaka zowoneka bwino: magawo osiyana a Requiem yake (1963-65), nyimbo yanyimbo ya "Lontano" (1967), yomwe imatsutsa malingaliro ena a "chikondi chamasiku ano." Amawulula kuchulukira kwa kuyanjana, kumalire. pa synesthesia, wobadwa mwa mbuye.

Gawo lotsatira la ntchito ya Ligeti lidasintha pang'onopang'ono kupita ku dynamics. Kusakaku kumalumikizidwa ndi nyimbo zosakhazikika mu Adventures and New Adventures (1962-65) - nyimbo za oimba pawokha komanso zida zoimbira. Zochitika izi m'bwalo lamasewera lopanda pake zidatsegula njira yamitundu yayikulu yachikhalidwe. Kupambana kofunikira kwambiri kwa nthawiyi kunali Requiem, kuphatikiza malingaliro okhazikika komanso osinthika komanso masewero.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 60s. Ligeti akuyamba kugwira ntchito ndi "zojambula zowoneka bwino komanso zosalimba", zomwe zimakokera ku kuphweka komanso kuyanjana kwa mawu. Nthawi imeneyi ikuphatikiza Manthambi a oimba a zingwe kapena oyimba 12 (1968-69), Nyimbo za okhestra (1971), Chamber Concerto (1969-70), Double Concerto ya chitoliro, oboe ndi orchestra (1972). Panthawiyi, wolemba nyimboyo anachita chidwi ndi nyimbo za C. Ives, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi ochestra "San Francisco Polyphony" (1973-74). Ligeti amaganiza zambiri ndipo amalankhula mofunitsitsa pamavuto a polystylistics ndi collage nyimbo. Njira ya collage imakhala yachilendo kwa iye - Ligeti mwiniwake amakonda "zowunikira, osati mawu ogwidwa, zongoyerekeza, osati mawu". Zotsatira za kufufuzaku ndi sewero la The Great Dead Man (1978), lomwe linachitidwa bwino ku Stockholm, Hamburg, Bologna, Paris, ndi London.

Ntchito za zaka za m'ma 80 zimapeza njira zosiyanasiyana: Trio for violin, horn and piano (1982) - mtundu wodzipereka kwa I. Brahms, wolumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mutu wachikondi Zongopeka zitatu pamavesi a F. Hölderlin kwa kwaya yosakanikirana ndi mawu khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi a cappella (1982), kukhulupirika ku miyambo ya nyimbo za ku Hungary kumalimbikitsidwa ndi "maphunziro a ku Hungary" ku mavesi a Ch. Veresh wa kwaya yosakanikirana ya mawu khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi a cappella (1982).

Kuyang'ana kwatsopano kwa piyano kumasonyezedwa ndi maphunziro a piyano (First Notebook - 1985, etudes No. 7 ndi No. 8 - 1988), kutsutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku piyano ya impressionistic kupita ku nyimbo za ku Africa, ndi Piano Concerto (1985-88).

Lingaliro la kulenga la Ligeti limakulitsidwa ndi nyimbo zamanthawi ndi miyambo yambiri. Mayanjano osalephereka, kulumikizana kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro akutali ndiye maziko a zolemba zake, kuphatikiza zongopeka komanso zowona.

M. Lobanova