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ku lat. intono - kulankhula mokweza

I. Chofunikira kwambiri chanyimbo-nthano. ndi zokongoletsa lingaliro lomwe lili ndi matanthauzo atatu ogwirizana:

1) Gulu lokwera (kulumikizana ndi kulumikizana) kwa nyimbo. malankhulidwe opingasa. Mu nyimbo zomveka, zimakhalapodi mu umodzi ndi bungwe lakanthawi la ma toni - rhythm. "Intonation ... imasakanikirana kwambiri ndi nyimbo ngati chinthu cholangira kuwululidwa kwa nyimbo" (BV Asafiev). Umodzi wa I. ndi rhythm zimapanga nyimbo (m'lingaliro lake lalikulu), momwe I., monga mbali yake yapamwamba, ingathe kusiyanitsa mwachidziwitso, mwachidule.

Muse. I. ndi wokhudzana ndi chiyambi komanso m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi kulankhula, zomwe zimamveka ngati kusintha kwa liwu ("kamvekedwe") la liwu ndipo, koposa zonse, kamvekedwe kake ("kamvekedwe ka mawu"). I. mu nyimbo ndi ofanana ndi I. kulankhula (ngati tikutanthauza mbali ofukula ya yotsirizira) mu ntchito zake zili (ngakhale mu kulankhula chonyamulira chachikulu ndi mawu - onani I, 2) ndi zina structural mbali, kuimira komanso kulankhula I., ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa mamvekedwe a mawu, kufotokoza maganizo ndi kulamulidwa mu kulankhula ndi wok. nyimbo ndi malamulo a kupuma ndi minofu ntchito ya zingwe mawu. Chizoloŵezi cha nyimbo. I. kuchokera ku machitidwewa akuwonekera kale pomanga phokoso la mawu, melodic. mizere (kukhalapo kwa mawu akumveka kofanana ndi mawu omwewo m'mawu I.; malo a chachikulu m'munsi mwa mawu osiyanasiyana: kusinthana kwa kukwera ndi kutsika; kutsika, monga lamulo, kulunjika kwa phula mzere pomaliza, gawo la kayendedwe, ndi zina zotero), zimakhudza ndi kufotokozera nyimbo. I. (kukhalapo kwa ma caesuras akuya kosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero), muzofunikira zina zonse za kufotokozera kwake (kuwonjezeka kwa kupsinjika maganizo pamene mukusunthira mmwamba ndi kutulutsa pamene mukusunthira pansi, m'mawu ndi nyimbo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuyesetsa. minofu ya zida za mawu komanso kupumula kwa minofu).

Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri yosonyezedwa ya I. ndi yofunikanso, zonse zomwe zili (onani I, 2) ndi mawonekedwe. Ngati m'mawu I. phokoso silisiyanitsidwa ndipo alibe okhazikika osachepera ndi relates. kulondola kwa kutalika, ndiye mu nyimbo I. kulenga muses. ma toni ndi mamvekedwe omwe amakhala ocheperako pang'onopang'ono pamawu chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa ma frequency oscillation omwe amadziwika ndi aliyense wa iwo (ngakhale pano, nawonso, kukhazikika kwa mawu sikuli kotheratu - onani I, 3). Muse. malankhulidwe, mosiyana ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, m'mbali iliyonse ndi ya k.-l. machitidwe omveka oimba nyimbo, amapanga maubwenzi okhazikika (okhazikika) omwe amakhazikika ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa pamaziko a dongosolo linalake la ntchito-zomveka. maubwenzi ndi kugwirizana (lada). Chifukwa cha nyimbo izi. I. amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi malankhulidwe - amakhala odziyimira pawokha, otukuka komanso ali ndi mawu akulu kwambiri. mwayi.

I. (monga gulu lapamwamba la ma toni) limagwira ntchito yomanga komanso yofotokozera-semantic ya nyimbo. Popanda rhythm (komanso popanda rhythm ndi mphamvu, komanso timbre, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi izo), nyimbo sizingakhalepo. Choncho, nyimbo zonse zimakhala ndi mawu. chilengedwe. Udindo wofunikira komanso waukulu wa I. mu nyimbo ndi chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo: a) Kulumikizana kwa mamvekedwe, kukhala osuntha komanso osinthika, ndi osiyanasiyana; zina za psycho-physiological malo amazindikira udindo wawo wotsogola m'mawu pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za dziko losinthika, losiyanitsidwa mochenjera komanso lolemera kwambiri lamayendedwe auzimu amunthu; b) phula maubwenzi a malankhulidwe chifukwa cha phula lokhazikika la aliyense wa iwo, monga lamulo, amakumbukiridwa mosavuta komanso amapangidwanso ndipo motero amatha kuonetsetsa kuti nyimbo zikuyenda monga njira yolankhulirana pakati pa anthu; c) kuthekera kwa kulumikizana kolondola kwa ma toni molingana ndi kutalika kwawo komanso kukhazikitsidwa pakati pawo pamaziko awa omveka bwino komanso amphamvu ogwira ntchito-zomveka. Kulumikizana kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kukulitsa njira zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo za melodic, harmonic. ndi polyphonic. chitukuko, fotokozani zotheka zomwe zimaposa kuthekera kwa, kunena, rhythmic, dynamic. kapena kukula kwa timbre.

2) Njira ("dongosolo", "nyumba yosungira", "toni") ya nyimbo. mawu, "matchulidwe omveka bwino" (BV Asafiev) mu nyimbo. Zili mu zovuta za mawonekedwe a muses. mawonekedwe (okwera kwambiri, rhythmic, timbre, articulatory, etc.), omwe amatsimikizira tanthauzo lake, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, semantic, ndi matanthauzo ena kwa iwo omwe amazindikira. I. - imodzi mwa zigawo zakuya kwambiri za mawonekedwe mu nyimbo, zoyandikana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili, mwachindunji komanso momveka bwino. Kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo I. kukufanana ndi kumvetsetsa kalankhulidwe ka mawu monga momwe tafotokozera. kamvekedwe ka mawu, kutengera mtundu wa mawu ake, malingana ndi momwe amalankhulira komanso kufotokoza maganizo a wokamba nkhani pamutu wa mawuwo, komanso maonekedwe a umunthu wake, chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. I. mu nyimbo, monga m'mawu, amatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo omveka (mokhudza mtima), logic-semantic, chikhalidwe ndi mtundu. Tanthauzo lomveka la nyimbo. I. imatsimikiziridwa ndi malingaliro, malingaliro ndi zokhumba za wopeka ndi woimba zomwe zafotokozedwamo. M'lingaliro limeneli, amati, mwachitsanzo, za mitsinje yomwe imamveka m'mawu operekedwa. ntchito (kapena gawo lake) mawu olimbikitsa, mkwiyo, chisangalalo, nkhawa, kupambana, kutsimikiza, "chikondi, chifundo, kutenga nawo mbali, moni wa amayi kapena chikondi, chifundo, chithandizo chaubwenzi" ( BV Asafiev za nyimbo za Tchaikovsky ), ndi zina zotero. -tanthauzo la semantic la I. limatsimikiziridwa ngati limafotokoza mawu, funso, kukwaniritsidwa kwa ganizo, ndi zina zotero. Pomaliza, I. akhoza kuwonongeka. molingana ndi mtengo wake, kuphatikiza. dziko (Russian, Georgian, German, French) ndi chikhalidwe (Russian wamba, raznochinno-mzinda, etc.), komanso mtundu tanthauzo (nyimbo, kuwuka, recitative; nkhani, scherzo, kusinkhasinkha; banja, oratory, etc.).

Sec. I. mfundo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ambiri. zinthu. Chofunikira, ngakhale sichokhacho, ndikukhala pakati kapena kusinthidwa (onani I, 1) kuberekana mu nyimbo zamalankhulidwe I. molingana. makhalidwe abwino. Kusintha kwa mawu I. (zosiyanasiyana m'zinthu zambiri ndi kusintha kwa mbiriyakale) mu nyimbo za nyimbo zimachitika mosalekeza mu chitukuko cha nyimbo. luso ndipo makamaka zimatsimikizira luso la nyimbo kuti likhale ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, malingaliro, zokhumba zamphamvu ndi makhalidwe, kuzipereka kwa omvera ndi kukopa omaliza. Magwero ofotokozera nyimbo. I. imagwiranso ntchito ngati mayanjano ndi zomveka zina (zonse zoyimba komanso zosagwirizana ndi nyimbo - onani I, 3) chifukwa cha zomwe anthu amamva komanso zofunikira za thupi. kukhudza maganizo. dziko la munthu.

Izi kapena izo ine. mawu amakonzedweratu ndi woipeka. Nyimbo zopangidwa ndi iye. mawu ali ndi mwayi. mtengo, malingana ndi thupi lawo. katundu ndi mayanjano. Wopangayo, mwa njira zake (zamphamvu, zamatsenga, zamitundumitundu, komanso pakuyimba ndi kuyimba zida popanda kumveka kokhazikika-komanso kusinthasintha mamvekedwe mkati mwa zone-onani I, 3) amawulula I. udindo wake payekha komanso pagulu. Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi woimba (amene angakhalenso mlembi) wa wolemba I., mwachitsanzo, kumveka, ndiko kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa nyimbo. Chidzalo chake ndi magulu. munthu uyu, komabe, amapeza tanthauzo pokhapokha ngati womvera amazindikira nyimbo. Womvera amazindikira, kubwerezanso m’maganizo mwake, zokumana nazo ndi kutengera I. (m’kumasulira kwake kochita kumasulira) nayenso payekha payekha, pamaziko ake. zochitika zanyimbo, zomwe, komabe, ndi gawo la anthu. chidziwitso ndi chikhalidwe chake. Kuti. "Zochitika za kuyimba kwa mawu zimamangiriza ku luso lanyimbo, kuchita komanso kumvetsera - kumva" (BV Asafiev).

3) Chilichonse chophatikiza chaching'ono kwambiri cha nyimbo mu nyimbo. mawu omwe ali ndi mawu odziyimira pawokha. tanthauzo; gawo la semantic mu nyimbo. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawu 2-3 kapena kupitilira apo mu monophony kapena consonances; m'gulu. milandu, ingakhalenso ndi phokoso limodzi kapena consonance, yosiyana ndi malo ake mu muses. nkhani ndi kufotokoza.

Chifukwa chachikulu kufotokoza. njira mu nyimbo ndi nyimbo, I. amamveka kwambiri ngati kuphunzira mwachidule mamvekedwe mu monophony, monga tinthu ta nyimbo, nyimbo. Komabe, muzochitika zomwe zimangodziyimira pawokha. tanthauzo mu nyimbo. ntchito imapeza zinthu zina za harmonic, rhythmic, timbre, tikhoza kunena za harmonic, rhythmic, motero. ndipo ngakhale timbre I. kapena za zovuta I.: melodic-harmonic, harmonic-timbre, ndi zina zotero. zimakhudza kamvedwe ka mawu anyimbo, kuwapatsa izi kapena zowunikira, izi kapena mithunzi ija yofotokozera. Tanthauzo la aliyense wopatsidwa I. kumlingo waukulu zimadaliranso malo ake, pa muses. m'mene ikulowera, komanso kuchokera pakukwaniritsidwa kwake. kutanthauzira (onani I, 2).

Zodziyimira pawokha. tanthawuzo lamalingaliro-lophiphiritsa la I. lapadera limadalira osati pa ilo lokha. katundu ndi malo mu nkhani, komanso malinga ndi maganizo a omvera. Chifukwa chake, kugawanika kwa muses. kuyenda pa I. ndipo tanthauzo la tanthauzo lake ndi chifukwa cha zonse zolinga ndi zongoganizira, kuphatikizapo muses. maphunziro omvera komanso zokumana nazo za omvera. Komabe, mpaka pomwe ma pairing amawu ena (momwemonso, mitundu yamawu) chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza nyimbo. luso komanso kutengera anthu. mchitidwe kukhala bwino ndi bwino khutu, kusankha kwawo ndi kumvetsa ngati paokha I. akuyamba kudalira osati payekha payekha womvera, komanso luso, nyimbo ndi zokongoletsa. zokonda ndi malingaliro a anthu onse. magulu.

I. zitha kugwirizana ndi cholinga, nyimbo. kapena harmonic. kutembenuka, thematic cell (tirigu). Kusiyanitsa, komabe, kuli chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo la kugwirizanitsa phokoso monga cholinga, kutembenuka, selo, ndi zina zotero, zimachokera ku zolinga zake (kukhalapo kwa mawu omwe amagwirizanitsa gulu la phokoso, ndi caesura yomwe imalekanitsa. gulu ili la oyandikana nawo, chikhalidwe cha melodic ndi harmonic magwiridwe ntchito pakati ma toni kapena nyimbo, udindo wa zovuta anapatsidwa pomanga mutu ndi chitukuko chake, etc.), pamene kusankha I., iwo amachoka kufotokoza. matanthauzo a matanthauzo a mawu awiriawiri, kuchokera ku semantics yawo, potero akuyambitsa chinthu chokhazikika.

I. nthawi zina mophiphiritsa amatchedwa muses. "Mawu" (BV Asafiev). Chifaniziro cha nyimbo. I. mawu m'chinenero amalungamitsidwa pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe a kufanana kwawo, mawonekedwe ndi ntchito. I. ikufanana ndi mawu ngati mawu achidule omveka omwe ali ndi tanthauzo linalake, lomwe linayambira pakulankhulana kwa anthu ndikuyimira gawo la semantic lomwe lingathe kulekanitsidwa ndi phokoso la phokoso. Kufananaku kulinso m'chakuti maitanidwe, monga mawu, ndi zigawo za dongosolo lovuta, lopangidwa lomwe limagwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe ina. Poyerekeza ndi chilankhulo (chachirengedwe), dongosolo la I. (mowonjezereka, mitundu yawo) yomwe imapezeka mu ntchito ya k.-l. wopeka, gulu la olemba, mu nyimbo. chikhalidwe k.-l. anthu, etc., akhoza kutchedwa "intonation. chinenero” cha wopeka, gulu, chikhalidwe.

Kusiyana kwanyimbo. I. kuchokera ku liwu ili ndi mfundo yakuti ndi conjugation of qualitatively zosiyanasiyana phokoso - muses. malankhulidwe, kudulidwa kumawonetsa mwapadera, zaluso. zomwe zili, zimachokera kuzinthu zina zomveka ndi maubwenzi (onani I, 1), monga lamulo, sizikhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, opangidwa mobwerezabwereza (mitundu yokha ya mawu ndi yowonjezereka kapena yocheperapo) ndipo chifukwa chake amapangidwa mwatsopano ndi aliyense. wolemba m'mawu aliwonse (ngakhale molunjika pamtundu wina wamitundu); I. ndizomwe zili mu polysemantic. Kupatula. Nthaŵi zina, limasonyeza lingaliro linalake, koma ngakhale pamenepo tanthauzo lake silingamveke molondola ndi mosabisa mawu. I. zambiri kuposa mawu, zimatengera tanthauzo lake pa nkhani. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zomwe zili mu I. (kutengeka, ndi zina zotero) zimagwirizanitsidwa mosagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe operekedwa (phokoso), ndiko kuti, akhoza kufotokozedwa kokha ndi izo, kotero kuti kugwirizana pakati pa zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe mu I. ndi, monga lamulo, mocheperapo molunjika. osati m'mawu amodzi, osachita mopondereza komanso osatengera malamulo, chifukwa chake zigawo za "intonation" imodzi. zinenero” sizifunikira kumasuliridwa “m’chinenero” china ndipo sizilola kumasulira koteroko. Lingaliro la tanthawuzo la I., mwachitsanzo, "kumvetsetsa" kwake, pamlingo wocheperako kumafuna koyambirira. kudziwa “chinenero” chofananacho, chifukwa Ch. ayi. pamaziko a mayanjano omwe amatulutsa ndi mawu ena, komanso zofunikira za psychophysiological zomwe zili mmenemo. zotsatira. I., kuphatikizidwa mu "intonation. chinenero”, sizimalumikizidwa mkati mwa dongosololi mwanjira iliyonse yokhazikika komanso yofunikira. malamulo a mapangidwe awo ndi kugwirizana. Choncho, maganizowo akuwoneka ngati omveka, malinga ndi Krom, mosiyana ndi mawu, I. sangatchedwe chizindikiro, koma "intonation. chinenero” - dongosolo la zizindikiro. Pofuna kulangidwa ndi omvera, wolemba ntchito yake sangangodalira magulu omwe amadziwika kale ozungulira. chilengedwe ndi muses anaphunzira ndi izo. ndi nemuz. kusakanikirana kwamphamvu. Woimba nyimbo, I. Nar. sewerani gawo lapadera monga gwero ndi fanizo la luso laopeka. ndi nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku (zosakhala zachikhalidwe), zomwe zimafala m'gulu linalake la anthu komanso kukhala mbali ya moyo wake, chiwonetsero chachindunji (chachirengedwe) chodziwikiratu cha malingaliro a mamembala ake kuti akwaniritse zenizeni. Kuchokera ku nemuz. kugwirizanitsa mawu kumagwira ntchito yofanana yomwe ilipo mumtundu uliwonse. chinenero chokhazikika, chopangidwanso tsiku ndi tsiku muzochita zolankhula mawu. matembenuzidwe (intomes) omwe, kwa aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulochi, ali ndi tanthauzo lokhazikika kapena locheperako, lotsimikizika, lokhazikika kale pang'ono (mafunso afunso, kufuula, kunena, kudabwa, kukaikira, malingaliro ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina). .

Woipekayo amatha kutulutsanso mawu omwe alipo m'njira yeniyeni kapena yosinthidwa, kapena kupanga zomangira zatsopano, zoyambira, mwanjira ina poyang'ana mitundu ya mawuwo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, komanso m'ntchito ya wolemba aliyense, pakati pa ma conjugations ambiri opangidwanso komanso oyambirira a ma toni, munthu akhoza kusiyanitsa I., mitundu yomwe ili yonse. Kukwanira kwa mtundu wa I., mawonekedwe a wopeka wopatsidwa ndikupanga maziko, zinthu za "intonation". language”, imapanga “intonation” yake. dikishonale" (mawu a BV Asafiev). Chiwerengero chonse cha I., chomwe chilipo m'magulu. machitidwe a nthawi ino, yomwe ili mu mbiri yakale iyi. nyengo ya “kumvedwa” kwa mtundu kapena mitundu yambiri, imapanga, motero, nat. kapena “intonation” yapadziko lonse lapansi. dikishonale ya nthawiyo”, kuphatikiza monga maziko I. nar. ndi nyimbo zapakhomo, komanso I. prof. luso la nyimbo, lopangidwa ndi chidziwitso cha anthu.

Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa I. ndi mawu akuti, "intonation. dikishonale” ndi chodabwitsa chosiyana kwambiri ndi lexic. thumba la chinenero chapakamwa (pamawu) ndipo liyenera kumveka m'njira zambiri ngati chilankhulo chokhazikika, chophiphiritsira. nthawi.

Nar. ndi banja I. ndi zizindikiro za makalata. mitundu yanyimbo. nthano ndi nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, "intonation. dikishonale ya Epoch” imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu yomwe ikupezeka munyengo yomwe yaperekedwa, "thumba la ndalama". Kudalira thumba ili (ndipo motero pa "intonation Dictionary of the era") ndi mawonekedwe ake onse. Zomwe zimapangidwira muzopangapanga, mwachitsanzo, "generalization kupyolera mumtundu" (AA Alshvang), makamaka zimatsimikizira kumvetsetsa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo kwa omvera a gulu linalake.

Ponena za "intonation. dikishonale ya nthawiyo”, wolembayo amawonetsa izi mu ntchito yake ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a ufulu ndi ntchito. Ntchitoyi imatha kudziwonetsera posankha I., kusinthidwa kwawo ndikusunga mawu omwewo. matanthauzo, kufotokozera kwawo, kulingaliranso kwawo (kubwerezanso), mwachitsanzo, kusintha kotereku, komwe kumawapatsa tanthauzo latsopano, ndipo, potsiriza, mu kaphatikizidwe ka decomp. tonations ndi mawu onse. mabwalo.

"Intonation". otanthauzira mawu” akusintha mosalekeza ndikusintha chifukwa cha kufa kwa ena I., kusintha kwa ena, ndi mawonekedwe achitatu. Munthawi zina - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu m'moyo wamagulu - kuchuluka kwa njirayi kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Kusintha kwakukulu komanso kofulumira kwa "intonation. dikishonale” pa nthawi ngati imeneyi (mwachitsanzo, mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m’ma 2 ku France, m’zaka za m’ma 18-50 m’zaka za m’ma 60 ku Russia, m’zaka zoyamba pambuyo pa Great October Socialist Revolution) BV Asafiev anatcha “intonation. zovuta." Koma kawirikawiri, "intonation. mtanthauzira mawu “aliyense nat. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chimakhala chokhazikika, chimasintha pang'onopang'ono komanso ngakhale panthawi ya "intonation". zovuta” sizikuwonongeka kwambiri, koma zimangochitika pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale zitakhala zazikulu, kukonzanso.

"Intonation. dikishonale” ya wolemba aliyense imasinthidwanso pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuphatikizidwa kwa I. yatsopano komanso kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mawu omveka bwino. mafomu omwe ali pansi pa "mawu" awa. Ch. kukhala njira yosinthira Ndi. ayi. kusintha kwa ma intervals ndi ma modal, rhythm, ndi mtundu wamtundu (ndipo, motengera zovuta, komanso mogwirizana). Komanso, fotokozani. mtengo wa I. umakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa tempo, timbre, ndi kaundula. Malingana ndi kuya kwa kusinthika, munthu akhoza kulankhula za maonekedwe a mtundu wa I., kapena I. watsopano. mawonekedwe okhazikika. Pozindikira izi, kuzindikira kwamakutu kumakhala ndi gawo lalikulu.

I. akhoza kusinthidwa ndi mkati mwa muses yemweyo. ntchito. Kusintha, kupangidwa kwa kusinthika kwatsopano, kapena kakulidwe kabwino ka c.-l. zotheka pano. imodzi I. Lingaliro la mawu. chitukuko chimagwirizananso ndi kuphatikiza kwa decomp. I. chopingasa (kusintha kosalala kapena kufananitsa mosiyana) ndi vertically (intonation. counterpoint); "Intonation. kusinthasintha ”(kusintha kuchokera ku gawo limodzi la I. kupita ku lina); kulimbana kwa mawu ndi kulimbana; kusamutsidwa kwa ena I. ndi ena kapena mapangidwe opangidwa I., etc.

Makonzedwe ogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero Ndi. mu prod. zimapanga mawu ake. kapangidwe, ndi mkati mophiphiritsa-semantic kulumikizana I. posachedwapa. kufufuza kapena patali ("intonation. arches"), chitukuko chawo ndi mitundu yonse ya masinthidwe - tonation. dramaturgy, yomwe ili mbali yoyamba ya muses. masewero ambiri, njira zofunika kwambiri zowululira zomwe zili mumsewu. ntchito.

Njira zake, molingana ndi kutanthauzira kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawa, zimasintha ndikuzikulitsa I. ndi wochita (onani I, 2), yemwe ali ndi ufulu wina pankhaniyi, koma mkati mwa chimango chowululira mawu. dramaturgy zoyikidwiratu ndi wolemba. Mkhalidwe womwewo umachepetsa ufulu wa kusinthidwa kwa I. mu ndondomeko ya kuzindikira kwawo ndi kubadwa kwa maganizo ndi womvera; nthawi yomweyo, ndi payekha payekha. kubalana (mawu amkati) monga chiwonetsero cha zochitika za omvera ndi mphindi yofunikira kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha nyimbo.

Mafunso okhudza tanthauzo la nyimbo. I., intonation. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, ubale ndi kusiyana kwa muses. ndi kulankhula I. ndi ena akhala akupangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi sayansi (ngakhale nthawi zambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "I."), ndipo kwambiri mwachangu ndi zipatso mu nthawi zimene vuto la mogwirizana muses. ndipo kulankhula I. kunakhala kofunikira makamaka kwa nyimbo zakale. luso. Iwo anali atayikidwa kale mu nyimbo. chiphunzitso ndi aesthetics zakale (Aristotle, Dionysius wa Halicarnassus), ndiyeno Middle Ages (John Cotton) ndi Renaissance (V. Galileya). Njira. chothandizira pa chitukuko chawo chinapangidwa ndi French. oimba a m’zaka za zana la 18 amene anali a ounikira (JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot) kapena anali pansi pa ulamuliro wawo wachindunji. chikoka (A. Gretry, KV Gluck). Panthawiyi, makamaka, lingalirolo linapangidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba ponena za kugwirizanitsa kwa "melody intonations" ndi "zolankhulidwe za mawu", kuti mawu oimba "amatsanzira mawu osiyanasiyana a mawu olankhula okhudzidwa ndi kumverera" (Rousseau). Zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha I. anali ntchito ndi mawu a Russian patsogolo. olemba ndi otsutsa a m'zaka za zana la 19, makamaka AS Dargomyzhsky, AN Serov, MP Mussorgsky, ndi VV Stasov. Kotero, Serov anaika patsogolo zofunikira za nyimbo monga "chinenero chapadera cha ndakatulo" ndipo, nthawi yomweyo ndi NG Chernyshevsky, pa primacy of the wok. tonations mogwirizana ndi zida; Mussorgsky anasonyeza kufunika kwa miyambi ya mawu monga magwero ndi maziko a “nyimbo zolengedwa ndi zolankhula za anthu”; Stasov, polankhula za ntchito ya Mussorgsky, kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula za "chowonadi cha ziganizo." Chiphunzitso chachilendo cha I. chinakhazikitsidwa pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 20 BL Yavorsky (onani II), yemwe adatcha I. "kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri (komanga) monophonic monophonic mu nthawi" ndipo adatanthauzira kachitidwe ka mawu ngati "imodzi mwa mitundu ya chikhalidwe cha anthu." Malingaliro achi Russia. ndi oimba akunja za intonation. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, kugwirizana kwake ndi I. ya kulankhula, udindo wa intonations wofala wa nthawi, kufunika kwa ndondomeko ya intonation monga kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa nyimbo anthu, ndi ena ambiri. ena amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo amapangidwa mochuluka. BV Asafiev, yemwe adapanga zozama komanso zobala zipatso (ngakhale sizinapangidwe bwino komanso zopanda mipata yosiyana ndi zotsutsana zamkati) "intonation. chiphunzitso” nyimbo. zilandiridwenso, ntchito ndi kuzindikira ndipo anayamba mfundo za mawu. kusanthula nyimbo. Oimba nyimbo a USSR ndi socialists ena akupitiriza kupanga chiphunzitso ichi, chomwe chili chofunika kwambiri cha sayansi. mayiko.

II. Mu "modal rhythm theory" ya BL Yavorsky ndi kuphatikiza (kusintha) kwa mphindi ziwiri, zoperekedwa ndi liwu limodzi (onani nyimbo ya Modal).

III. Mlingo wa kulondola kwamayimbidwe a kubwereza kwa phula ndi ma ratios awo (nthawi) ndi nyimbo. ntchito. Zoona, "zoyera" I. (mosiyana ndi zabodza, "zodetsedwa") - zochitika zenizeni. kutalika kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kofunikira, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha malo ake mu nyimbo. makina amawu ndi mawonekedwe, omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi dzina lake (zojambula, zolankhula kapena zina). Monga momwe kadzidzi akusonyezera. acoustician NA Garbuzov, I. akhoza kuzindikirika mwa kumva ngati zoona ngakhale pamene zivomezi zomwe zasonyezedwa siziri zenizeni (monga zimakhalira nthawi zambiri nyimbo zikamayimbidwa ndi mawu kapena zida popanda kumveka kokhazikika kwa kamvekedwe kalikonse). Mkhalidwe wa kuzindikira koteroko ndi malo a kamvekedwe ka mawu mkati mwa gulu linalake, lochepa. madera aatali pafupi ndi zofunika. Malowa adatchedwa NA Garbuzov a zone.

IV. Mu chiphunzitso cha zone ya kumva phula ndi NA Garbuzov, kusiyana kokulirapo pakati pa magawo awiri omwe ali gawo limodzi.

V. Popanga ndi kukonza nyimbo. zida zokhala ndi phokoso lokhazikika la mawu (organ, piyano, ndi zina zotero) - kufanana kwa zigawo zonse ndi mfundo za sikelo ya chidacho malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi timbre. Kutheka mwa ntchito yapadera, amene amatchedwa intonation wa chida.

VI. Ku Western Europe. nyimbo mpaka ser. Zaka za zana la 18 - chiyambi chachidule cha wok. kapena instr. prod. (kapena kuzungulira), ofanana ndi intrade kapena prelude. Mu nyimbo ya Gregorian, I. idapangidwa kuti ikhazikitse kamvekedwe ka nyimboyo komanso kutalika kwa kamvekedwe kake koyambilira ndipo poyamba inali mawu, ndipo kuyambira zaka za zana la 14, monga lamulo, chiwalo. Kenako I. nayenso anapeka kwa clavier ndi zida zina. Zodziwika kwambiri ndi zida zamagulu zomwe zidapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 16. A. ndi J. Gabrieli.

Zothandizira:

1) Asafiev BV, mawonekedwe oimba ngati njira, buku. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; yake, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; wake, "Eugene Onegin" - nyimbo zoimbira za PI Tchaikovsky. Zochitika pakuwunika kwamayendedwe a kalembedwe ndi sewero lanyimbo, M.-L., 1944; wake, Glinka, M., 1947, 1950; ake, Glinka's Rumor, ch. 1. Chikhalidwe cha Glinka's intonation: kudziphunzitsa kwakumva, kukula kwake ndi zakudya, posonkhanitsa: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Vanslov VV, Lingaliro la kuyimba mu Soviet musicology, m'buku: Mafunso a Musicology, vol. 1 (1953-1954), M., 1954; Kremlev Yu. A., Essays on musical aesthetics, M., 1957, pansi pa mutu wakuti: Essays on the aesthetics of music, M., 1972; Mazel LA, Pa lingaliro la nyimbo-zongopeka za B. Asafiev, "SM", 1957, No 3; Orlova BM, BV Asafiev. Leningrad, 1964; mawu ndi chithunzi cha nyimbo. Zolemba ndi maphunziro a oimba nyimbo a Soviet Union ndi mayiko ena a socialist, ed. Yosinthidwa ndi BM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Shakhnazarova NG, Intonation "dictionary" ndi vuto la nyimbo zamtundu, M., 1966; Sohor AH, Nyimbo ngati zojambulajambula, M., 1961, 1970; Nazaikinsky E., Psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Kucera V., Vevoj a obsah Asafjevovy intotonacnin teorie, “Hudebni veda”, 1961, No4; Kluge R., Definition der Begriffe Gestalt und Intonation…, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1964, No2; Jiranek J., Asafjevova teorie intotonace, jeji genez and a viznam, Praha, 1967;

2) Yavorsky VL, Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba, M., 1908;

3) ndi 4) Garbuzov HA, Zone nature of phula kumva, M., 1948; Pereverzev NK, Mavuto a kuyimba kwa nyimbo, M., 1966;

5) Protscher G., Mbiri ya kusewera kwa limba ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo, vols. 1-2, В., 1959.

AH Coxop