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Komitas

Nthawi zonse ndakhala ndikusangalatsidwa ndi nyimbo za Komitas. A. Khachaturyan

Wodziwika bwino ku Armenian kupeka, folklorist, woyimba, wochititsa kwaya, mphunzitsi, woyimba ndi anthu, Komitas (dzina lenileni Soghomon Gevorkovich Soghomonyan) anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha dziko la oimba. Zomwe zinamuchitikira pomasulira miyambo ya nyimbo za ku Ulaya kumayiko onse, makamaka makonzedwe ambiri a nyimbo zachi Armenian monodic (mawu amodzi) anali ofunika kwambiri kwa mibadwo yotsatira ya oimba a ku Armenia. Komitas ndiye woyambitsa nyimbo za nyimbo zaku Armenian, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pazambiri za nyimbo za dziko - adasonkhanitsa nyimbo zolemera kwambiri za alimi aku Armenia komanso nyimbo zakale za Gusan (luso la oimba-nkhani). Zojambula zambiri za Komitas zidawululira dziko lapansi chuma chonse cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zachi Armenia. Nyimbo zake zimachita chidwi ndi chiyero chodabwitsa komanso kudzisunga. Nyimbo zolowera, kusinthika kosawoneka bwino kwa mawonekedwe a harmonic ndi mtundu wa nthano zadziko, mawonekedwe oyengeka, mawonekedwe angwiro ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Komitas ndi mlembi wa ntchito zochepa, kuphatikiza Liturgy ("Patarag"), timizere ta piyano, nyimbo zapayekha ndi kwaya za anthu wamba ndi akutawuni, zochitika za opera zapayokha ("Anush", "Ozunzidwa", "Sasun". ngwazi"). Chifukwa cha luso lake loimba komanso mawu odabwitsa, mwana wamasiye woyamba mu 1881 analembetsa maphunziro awo ku Etchmiadzin Theological Academy. Apa talente yake yodziwika bwino ikuwululidwa: Komitas akudziwa bwino chiphunzitso cha nyimbo za ku Ulaya, akulemba nyimbo za tchalitchi ndi zamtundu wa anthu, amapanga mayesero oyambirira a nyimbo zakwaya (polyphonic) za anthu wamba.

Atamaliza maphunziro a Academy mu 1893, adakwezedwa paudindo wa hieromonk komanso polemekeza wopanga nyimbo waku Armenia wazaka za zana la XNUMX. dzina la Komitas. Posakhalitsa Komitas anasankhidwa kumeneko monga mphunzitsi woimba; mofanana, amatsogolera kwaya, amakonza gulu la zida zoimbira anthu.

Mu 1894-95. nyimbo zoyamba za mtundu wa Komitas ndi nkhani yakuti “nyimbo za tchalitchi cha Armenia” zimasindikizidwa. Pozindikira kusakwanira kwa chidziwitso chake cha nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso, mu 1896 Komitas anapita ku Berlin kuti amalize maphunziro ake. Kwa zaka zitatu kusukulu yachinsinsi ya R. Schmidt, adaphunzira maphunziro a nyimbo, adaphunzira kuimba piyano, kuyimba ndi kuchititsa kwaya. Ku yunivesite, Komitas amapita ku maphunziro a filosofi, aesthetics, mbiri yakale ndi mbiri ya nyimbo. Inde, cholinga chake ndi moyo wolemera wa nyimbo wa Berlin, kumene amamvetsera zobwerezabwereza ndi zoimbaimba za symphony orchestra, komanso zisudzo za opera. Panthaŵi yomwe amakhala ku Berlin, amakamba nkhani zapoyera za anthu a ku Armenia ndi nyimbo za tchalitchi. Ulamuliro wa Komitas ngati wofufuza za folklorist ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kotero kuti International Musical Society imamusankha kukhala membala ndikusindikiza zida zamaphunziro ake.

Mu 1899 Komitas anabwerera ku Etchmiadzin. Zaka za ntchito yake yopindulitsa kwambiri inayamba m'madera osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko - sayansi, ethnographic, kulenga, kuchita, pedagogical. Akugwira ntchito pa "Ethnographic Collection" yaikulu, akujambula za 4000 Armenian, Kurdish, Persian ndi Turkey nyimbo ndi nyimbo zadziko, kufotokoza Armenian khaz (noti), kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha modes, wowerengeka nyimbo okha. M'zaka zomwezo, amapanga makonzedwe a nyimbo zakwaya popanda kutsagana, zodziwika ndi kukoma kwaluso, komwe kumaphatikizidwa ndi woimba mu mapulogalamu a nyimbo zake. Nyimbozi ndizosiyana mophiphiritsa komanso zamtundu wamtundu: nyimbo zachikondi, zoseketsa, zovina ("Spring", "Yendani", "Wayenda, wonyezimira"). Zina mwazo ndi zomvetsa chisoni ("The Crane", "Song of the Homeless"), ntchito ( "Lori Orovel", "Nyimbo ya Banja"), zojambula zamwambo ("Moni M'mawa"), zozizwitsa zamatsenga. ("Amuna Olimba Mtima a Sipan") ndi zojambula zamalo. (“Mwezi uli wanthete”) mozungulira.

Mu 1905-07. Komitas amapereka makonsati kwambiri, amatsogolera kwaya, ndipo amachita nawo nyimbo ndi zokopa. Mu 1905, pamodzi ndi gulu la kwaya iye analenga mu Etchmiadzin, anapita ku likulu la nyimbo chikhalidwe Transcaucasia, Tiflis (Tbilisi), kumene ankaimba ndi maphunziro bwino kwambiri. Patapita chaka, mu December 1906, mu Paris, ndi zoimbaimba ndi nkhani Komitas anakopa chidwi oimba otchuka, oimira dziko sayansi ndi luso. Zolankhulazo zinali ndi kumveka kwakukulu. Phindu laluso la zosinthika ndi zolemba zoyambirira za Komitas ndizofunika kwambiri kotero kuti zinapatsa C. Debussy zifukwa zonena kuti: "Ngati Komitas analemba "Antuni" ("Nyimbo ya Osowa Nyumba." - DA), ndiye kuti izi zingakhale zokwanira. kumuona ngati katswiri waluso.” Zolemba za Komitas za "Nyimbo Zachiwembu za ku Armenia" ndi nyimbo zosinthidwa ndi iye "Armenian Lyre" zimasindikizidwa ku Paris. Kenako, zoimbaimba zake zinachitika Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Venice.

Kubwerera ku Etchmiadzin (1907), Komitas anapitiriza ntchito yake yochuluka kwambiri kwa zaka zitatu. Dongosolo lopanga opera "Anush" likucha. Nthawi yomweyo, ubale pakati pa Komitas ndi gulu lake lachipembedzo ukukulirakulira. Udani wotseguka pa mbali ya atsogoleri achipembedzo, kusamvetsetsa kwawo mbiri yakale ya ntchito zake, kunakakamiza wolembayo kuti achoke ku Etchmiadzin (1910) ndikukhazikika ku Constantinople ndi chiyembekezo chopanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yaku Armenia. Ngakhale kuti amalephera kuzindikira dongosololi, komabe Komitas akugwira ntchito zophunzitsa ndikuchita zinthu ndi mphamvu zomwezo - amachita nawo ma concerts m'mizinda ya Turkey ndi Egypt, akuchita monga mtsogoleri wa makwaya omwe amawakonza komanso ngati woyimba payekha. Zojambulidwa zamagalamafoni za kuyimba kwa Komitas, zomwe zidapangidwa m'zaka izi, zimapereka lingaliro la mawu ake a baritone timbre yofewa, kayimbidwe kake, komwe kumapereka kalembedwe ka nyimboyo mochenjera kwambiri. M’chenicheni, iye ndiye amene anayambitsa sukulu yoimba ya dziko.

Monga kale, Komitas akuitanidwa kukakamba nkhani ndi malipoti m'malo akuluakulu oimba nyimbo ku Ulaya - Berlin, Leipzig, Paris. Malipoti okhudza nyimbo zachi Armenia, zomwe zinachitikira mu June 1914. ku Paris pa msonkhano wa International Musical Society, adapanga, malinga ndi iye, chidwi chachikulu kwa omwe adachita nawo msonkhanowo.

Ntchito yolenga ya Komitas inasokonezedwa ndi zochitika zoopsa za kupha anthu - kupha anthu a ku Armenia, okonzedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Turkey. Pa April 11, 1915, atatsekeredwa m’ndende, iye pamodzi ndi gulu la anthu otchuka a ku Armenia a mabuku ndi zojambulajambula, anathamangitsidwa m’kati mwa dziko la Turkey. Pa pempho la anthu otchuka, Komitas amabwerera ku Constantinople. Komabe, zimene anaona zinakhudza kwambiri maganizo ake moti mu 1916 anakagonekedwa m’chipatala cha odwala matenda a maganizo. Mu 1919, Komitas anatumizidwa ku Paris, kumene anamwalira. Zotsalira za wopeka anaikidwa m'manda Yerevan gulu la asayansi ndi ojambula zithunzi. Ntchito ya Komitas inalowa mu thumba la golide la chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha Armenia. Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Armenia Yeghishe Charents analankhula mokoma za kugwirizana kwake kwa magazi ndi anthu ake:

Woyimba, mumadyetsedwa ndi anthu, mudatenga nyimbo kuchokera kwa iye, munalota chimwemwe, monga iye, kuzunzika kwake ndi nkhawa zomwe munagawana nazo tsogolo lanu - chifukwa cha momwe nzeru za munthu, zopatsidwa kwa inu kuyambira ukhanda anthu chinenero choyera.

D. Arutyunov