Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |

Wolfgang AmadeusMozart

M’chikhutiro changa chozama, Mozart ndiye malo apamwamba kwambiri, omalizira, amene kukongola kwafikira m’mbali ya nyimbo. P. Tchaikovsky

“Kuzama bwanji! Ndi kulimba mtima kotani nanga! Umu ndi momwe Pushkin adafotokozera momveka bwino za luso lapamwamba la Mozart. Zowonadi, kuphatikiza kotereku kwa ungwiro wakale ndi kulimba mtima kwamalingaliro, kusakwanira kwa zosankha zamunthu payekha zozikidwa pa malamulo omveka bwino komanso olondola a kapangidwe kake, mwina sitingapeze mwa aliyense wa opanga luso la nyimbo. Dzuwa lomveka bwino komanso losamvetsetseka, losavuta komanso lovuta kwambiri, laumunthu komanso lachilengedwe chonse, dziko lonse la nyimbo za Mozart likuwonekera.

WA Mozart anabadwira m'banja la Leopold Mozart, woyimba zeze komanso wopeka pabwalo la bishopu wamkulu wa Salzburg. Talente ya Genius inalola Mozart kupanga nyimbo kuyambira ali ndi zaka zinayi, mwachangu kwambiri luso la kuimba clavier, violin, ndi organ. Bamboyo ankayang’anira mwaluso maphunziro a mwana wawo. Mu 1762-71. anayamba maulendo, pomwe makhoti ambiri a ku Ulaya adadziwa luso la ana ake (mkulu, mlongo wa Wolfgang anali wosewera wa luso la clavier, iye anaimba yekha, amayendetsa, ankasewera zida zosiyanasiyana za virtuoso ndi improvised), zomwe zinachititsa chidwi kulikonse. Ali ndi zaka 14, Mozart anapatsidwa udindo wa upapa wa Golden Spur, anasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Philharmonic Academy ku Bologna.

Pa maulendo, Wolfgang anadziwa nyimbo za mayiko osiyanasiyana, kudziwa Mitundu khalidwe la nthawi. Chifukwa chake, kudziwana ndi JK Bach, yemwe amakhala ku London, kumabweretsa moyo wa nyimbo zoyambira (1764), ku Vienna (1768) amalandila ma opera amtundu wa opera wa ku Italy ("The Pretend Simple Girl") ndi German Singspiel (" Bastien ndi Bastienne "; chaka cham'mbuyomo, sewero la kusukulu (koseketsa Lachilatini) Apollo ndi Hyacinth anaseweredwa ku yunivesite ya Salzburg. Chopindulitsa kwambiri chinali kukhala kwake ku Italy, kumene Mozart anapambana pa counterpoint (polyphony) ndi GB Martini (Bologna), amaika ku Milan, opera seria "Mithridates, Mfumu ya Ponto" (1770), ndipo mu 1771 - opera "Lucius Sulla".

Mnyamata wanzeruyo analibe chidwi chochepa ndi othandizira kuposa mwana wozizwitsa, ndipo L. Mozart sanamupezere malo pabwalo lamilandu lililonse la ku Europe ku likulu. Ndinayenera kubwerera ku Salzburg kuti ndikagwire ntchito ya woperekeza khoti. Zokhumba za kulenga za Mozart tsopano zinali zongoperekedwa ku madongosolo opangira nyimbo zopatulika, komanso zidutswa zokondweretsa - ma divertissements, ma cassation, serenades (ndiko kuti, ma suites okhala ndi mbali zovina za zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zinkamveka osati madzulo a khoti, komanso m'misewu, m'nyumba za anthu aku Austrian). Mozart anapitiriza ntchito yake m'dera lino pambuyo pake ku Vienna, kumene ntchito yake yotchuka kwambiri yamtunduwu inalengedwa - "Little Night Serenade" (1787), mtundu wa symphony yaying'ono, yodzaza ndi nthabwala ndi chisomo. Mozart amalembanso ma concertos a violin ndi orchestra, clavier ndi violin sonatas, etc. Chimodzi mwa nsonga za nyimbo za nthawiyi ndi Symphony mu G wamng'ono No. mu mzimu ku gulu lolemba "Storm and Onslaught" .

Povutika m’chigawo cha Salzburg, kumene anakanidwa ndi zonena zachipongwe za bishopu wamkulu, Mozart analephera kukhazikika ku Munich, Mannheim, Paris. Maulendo opita kumizinda iyi (1777-79), komabe, adabweretsa malingaliro ambiri (chikondi choyamba - kwa woyimba Aloysia Weber, imfa ya amayi) ndi zojambulajambula, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, makamaka, mu clavier sonatas (mu A wamng'ono, mu A. zazikulu ndi zosiyana ndi Rondo alla turca), mu Symphony Concerto kwa violin ndi viola ndi orchestra, etc. Osiyana opera zopanga ("The Dream of Scipio" - 1772, "The Shepherd King" - 1775, onse Salzburg; "The Imaginary Wolima munda" - 1775, Munich) sanakwaniritse zolinga za Mozart kuti azilumikizana pafupipafupi ndi nyumba ya opera. Masewero a opera seria Idomeneo, Mfumu ya Krete (Munich, 1781) adawulula kukhwima kwathunthu kwa Mozart monga wojambula komanso munthu, kulimba mtima kwake komanso kudziyimira pawokha pankhani za moyo ndi luso. Atafika kuchokera ku Munich kupita ku Vienna, kumene bishopu wamkulu anapita ku zikondwerero zovekedwa ufumu, Mozart anaswa naye, akukana kubwerera ku Salzburg.

Kuyamba kwa Mozart ku Viennese kunali nyimbo yoyimba The Abduction from the Seraglio (1782, Burgtheater), yomwe idatsatiridwa ndi ukwati wake ndi Constance Weber (mlongo wake wa Aloysia). Komabe (kenako, malamulo a opera sanalandire nthawi zambiri. Wolemba ndakatulo wa khoti L. Da Ponte adathandizira kupanga zisudzo pa siteji ya Burgtheater, yolembedwa pa libretto yake: ntchito ziwiri zapakati za Mozart - "Ukwati wa Figaro" ( 1786) ndi "Don Giovanni" (1788), komanso opera-buff "Ndizo zomwe aliyense amachita" (1790); ku Schönbrunn (nyumba yachilimwe ya khoti) ndi sewero lanthabwala limodzi ndi nyimbo "Director of the Theatre" (1786) idapangidwanso.

M'zaka zoyambirira ku Vienna, Mozart nthawi zambiri ankaimba, kupanga makonsati a clavier ndi oimba a "masukulu" ake (makonsati okonzedwa ndi olembetsa pakati pa okonda zaluso). Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya wolembayo chinali kuphunzira ntchito za JS Bach (komanso GF Handel, FE Bach), zomwe zinatsogolera zokonda zake zaluso kumunda wa polyphony, kupereka kuya kwatsopano ndi kuzama kwa malingaliro ake. Izi zinawonetsedwa bwino kwambiri mu Fantasia ndi Sonata mu C minor (1784-85), muzitsulo zisanu ndi chimodzi zoperekedwa kwa I. Haydn, yemwe Mozart anali ndi ubwenzi waukulu waumunthu ndi wolenga. Kuzama kwa nyimbo za Mozart kumalowa mu zinsinsi za kukhalapo kwaumunthu, momwe maonekedwe a ntchito zake adakhalira, zomwe sizinapambane kwambiri ku Vienna (udindo wa woimba m'chipinda cha khoti analandira mu 1787 unamukakamiza kuti apange mavinidwe a masquerade).

Kumvetsetsa kochulukirapo kunapezedwa ndi wolemba ku Prague, komwe mu 1787 Ukwati wa Figaro udakhazikitsidwa, ndipo posakhalitsa chiwonetsero cha Don Giovanni cholembera mzindawu chinachitika (mu 1791 Mozart adapanga opera ina ku Prague - The Mercy of Titus) , zomwe zinafotokoza bwino lomwe mbali ya mutu watsoka m’ntchito ya Mozart. The Prague Symphony in D yaikulu (1787) ndi ma symphonies atatu otsiriza (No. 39 mu E-flat major, No. 40 mu G wamng'ono, No. 41 mu C yaikulu - Jupiter; chilimwe 1788) adawonetsa kulimba mtima komweku ndi zachilendo, zomwe zinapereka chithunzi chowala modabwitsa komanso chokwanira cha malingaliro ndi malingaliro a nthawi yawo ndikutsegula njira ya symphony ya zaka za m'ma XIX. Mwa ma symphonies atatu a 1788, Symphony yokha mu G yaying'ono idachitika kamodzi ku Vienna. Zolengedwa zomalizira zosakhoza kufa za katswiri wanzeru wa Mozart zinali opera The Magic Flute - nyimbo yowunikira ndi kulingalira (1791, Theatre in the Viennese suburbs) - ndi Chifuniro chachisoni chachikulu, chomwe sichinamalizidwe ndi wolemba.

Imfa yadzidzidzi ya Mozart, yemwe thanzi lake mwina lidasokonezedwa ndi kuchulukira kwamphamvu kwamphamvu zakulenga komanso zovuta zazaka zomaliza za moyo wake, zochitika zosamvetsetseka za dongosolo la Requiem (monga momwe zidakhalira, dongosolo losadziwika linali la a ena Count F. Walzag-Stuppach, amene ankafuna kuti apereke izo monga zolemba zake), kuikidwa m'manda wamba - zonsezi zinayambitsa kufalikira kwa nthano za poizoni wa Mozart (onani, mwachitsanzo, tsoka la Pushkin "Mozart ndi Salieri"), omwe sanalandire chitsimikiziro chilichonse. Kwa mibadwo yambiri yotsatila, ntchito ya Mozart yakhala umunthu wa nyimbo mwachizoloŵezi, kuthekera kwake kukonzanso mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu, kuziwonetsa mu mgwirizano wokongola ndi wangwiro, wodzazidwa, komabe, ndi zosiyana zamkati ndi zotsutsana. Dziko lojambula bwino la nyimbo za Mozart likuwoneka kuti likukhala ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, anthu osiyanasiyana. Zinasonyeza chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za nthawi, zomwe zinafika pachimake mu French Revolution ya 1789, mfundo yopatsa moyo (zithunzi za Figaro, Don Juan, symphony "Jupiter", etc.). Kutsimikiziridwa kwa umunthu waumunthu, ntchito za mzimu zimagwirizananso ndi kuwululidwa kwa dziko lolemera kwambiri lamaganizo - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mithunzi yake yamkati ndi tsatanetsatane imapangitsa Mozart kukhala wotsogola wa luso lachikondi.

Makhalidwe a nyimbo za Mozart, zomwe zidakumbatira mitundu yonse yanthawiyo (kupatula zomwe zatchulidwa kale - ballet "Trinkets" - 1778, Paris; nyimbo zopanga zisudzo, zovina, nyimbo, kuphatikiza "Violet" pa station ya JW Goethe. , misa , motets, cantatas ndi nyimbo zina zakwaya, magulu a chipinda cha nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, ma concerto a zida zoimbira ndi oimba, Concerto ya chitoliro ndi zeze ndi oimba, etc.) gawo lomwe lidasewera momwemo kuyanjana kwa masukulu, masitayelo, nyengo ndi mitundu yanyimbo.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a sukulu yakale ya Viennese, Mozart anafotokoza mwachidule zochitika za Chiitaliya, Chifalansa, Chijeremani chikhalidwe, anthu ndi akatswiri zisudzo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya opera, etc. (libretto "Ukwati wa Figaro "Wolembedwa molingana ndi sewero lamakono la P. Beaumarchais" Crazy Day, kapena The Marriage of Figaro "), mzimu wopanduka ndi wokhudzidwa wa German storming ("Storm and Onslaught"), zovuta ndi zamuyaya. vuto la kutsutsana pakati pa kulimba mtima kwa munthu ndi kubwezera chilango ("Don Juan").

Maonekedwe a munthu wa ntchito ya Mozart amapangidwa ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kakulidwe kambiri ka nthawi imeneyo, zophatikizidwa mwapadera ndikumveka kwa mlengi wamkulu. Nyimbo zake zidakhudzidwa ndi opera, mawonekedwe a chitukuko cha symphonic adalowa mu opera ndi misa, symphony (mwachitsanzo, Symphony mu G Minor - mtundu wa nkhani ya moyo wa munthu) tsatanetsatane wa nyimbo za m'chipinda, concerto - ndi tanthauzo la symphony, ndi zina zotero. Mitundu ya nyimbo za ku Italy za buffa opera mu The Marriage of Figaro mosinthika amagonjera kupangidwa kwa sewero lanthabwala la anthu enieni okhala ndi mawu omveka bwino anyimbo, kumbuyo. dzina la "sewero lachisangalalo" pali yankho lathunthu pa sewero lanyimbo la Don Giovanni, lodzazidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa Shakespearean kwa nthabwala komanso zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zowala kwambiri za luso la Mozart ndi The Magic Flute. Pansi pa chivundikiro cha nthano yokhala ndi chiwembu chovuta kwambiri (magwero ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito momasuka ndi E. Schikaneder), malingaliro a utopian anzeru, ubwino ndi chilungamo cha chilengedwe chonse, chikhalidwe cha Kuunikira, abisika (chikoka cha Freemasonry chimakhudzidwanso pano. - Mozart anali membala wa "ubale wa omanga omasuka"). Ma arias a "mbalame-munthu" wa Papageno mumzimu wa nyimbo zapachikhalidwe amasinthasintha ndi nyimbo zamakwaya okhwima mu gawo la Zorastro wanzeru, mawu ochokera pansi pamtima a okonda Tamino ndi Pamina - ndi coloratura ya Queen of the Night, pafupifupi kuyimba kuyimba kwa virtuoso mu opera yaku Italy, kuphatikiza kwa ma arias ndi ma ensembles ndi zokambirana za colloquial (mwachikhalidwe cha singspiel) m'malo ndi chitukuko muzomaliza zotalikirapo. Zonsezi zimaphatikizidwanso ndi phokoso la "zamatsenga" la oimba a Mozart ponena za luso loimba (ndi chitoliro cha solo ndi mabelu). Kufalikira kwa nyimbo za Mozart kunapangitsa kuti ikhale luso labwino kwambiri la Pushkin ndi Glinka, Chopin ndi Tchaikovsky, Bizet ndi Stravinsky, Prokofiev ndi Shostakovich.

E. Tsareva

Mphunzitsi ndi mlangizi wake woyamba anali abambo ake, Leopold Mozart, wothandizira Kapellmeister kukhoti la Archbishop wa Salzburg. Mu 1762, bambo ake anayambitsa Wolfgang, wosewera wamng'ono kwambiri, ndi mlongo wake Nannerl makhoti Munich ndi Vienna: ana kuimba kiyibodi, violin ndi kuimba, ndi Wolfgang komanso improvise. Mu 1763, ulendo wawo wautali unachitikira kum’mwera ndi kum’maŵa kwa Germany, Belgium, Holland, kum’mwera kwa France, Switzerland, mpaka ku England; kawiri anali ku Paris. Ku London, pali wodziwana ndi Abel, JK Bach, komanso oimba Tenducci ndi Manzuoli. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, Mozart adapanga zisudzo za The Imaginary Shepherdess ndi Bastien et Bastienne. Ku Salzburg, adasankhidwa kukhala woperekeza. Mu 1769, 1771 ndi 1772 anapita ku Italy, kumene iye analandira kuzindikira, anachita zisudzo wake ndi kuchita maphunziro mwadongosolo. Mu 1777, pamodzi ndi amayi ake, anapita ku Munich, Mannheim (kumene adakondana ndi woimba Aloisia Weber) ndi Paris (kumene amayi ake anamwalira). Anakhazikika ku Vienna ndipo mu 1782 anakwatira Constance Weber, mlongo wa Aloysia. M'chaka chomwecho, opera yake The Abduction from the Seraglio ikuyembekezera kupambana kwakukulu. Amapanga ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwonetsa kusinthasintha kodabwitsa, amakhala woyimba khothi (wopanda maudindo enieni) ndipo akuyembekeza kulandira udindo wa Kapellmeister wachiwiri wa Royal Chapel pambuyo pa imfa ya Gluck (woyamba anali Salieri). Mosasamala kanthu za kutchuka, makamaka monga wopeka nyimbo za opera, ziyembekezo za Mozart sizinakwaniritsidwe, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha miseche ponena za khalidwe lake. Imasiya Chofunikiracho sichinathe. Kulemekeza miyambo ndi miyambo ya anthu olemekezeka, zonse zachipembedzo ndi zadziko, kuphatikizidwa mu Mozart ndi lingaliro laudindo ndi mphamvu yamkati yomwe idapangitsa ena kumuona ngati kalambulabwalo wozindikira wa Romanticism, pomwe kwa ena amakhalabe mathero osayerekezeka a munthu woyengedwa ndi wanzeru. zaka, zogwirizana mwaulemu ndi malamulo ndi malamulo. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, kukongola koyera, kokoma, kosatha kwa nyimbo za Mozart kunabadwa chifukwa cha kusemphana maganizo kosalekeza ndi mawu a nyimbo ndi makhalidwe abwino a panthaŵiyo, mmene nyimbo za Mozart zimanjenjemera m’njira yodabwitsa chonchi. amatchedwa "ziwanda". Chifukwa cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenera kwa makhalidwe amenewa, mbuye wa ku Austria - chozizwitsa chenicheni cha nyimbo - adagonjetsa zovuta zonse za kupanga ndi chidziwitso cha nkhaniyi, yomwe A. Einstein amatcha "somnambulistic", kupanga ntchito zambiri zomwe zinatuluka. kuchokera pansi pa cholembera chake pokakamizidwa ndi makasitomala komanso chifukwa cha zilakolako zamkati zamkati. Iye anachita ndi liwiro ndi bata la munthu wa masiku ano, ngakhale iye anakhalabe mwana wamuyaya, mlendo ku zochitika zilizonse chikhalidwe kuti sanali okhudzana ndi nyimbo, kwathunthu anatembenukira ku dziko lakunja ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatha kuzindikira zodabwitsa mu kuya kwa psychology ndi malingaliro.

Wophunzira wosayerekezeka wa moyo wa munthu, makamaka wamkazi (yemwe adapereka chisomo chake ndi uwiri wake muyeso yofanana), zonyansa zonyoza, kulota dziko labwino, kusuntha mosavuta kuchoka kuchisoni chachikulu kupita ku chisangalalo chachikulu, woyimba wopembedza wa zilakolako. ndi masakramenti - kaya omalizawa ndi Akatolika kapena Masonic - Mozart amasangalalabe ngati munthu, kukhalabe pachimake cha nyimbo m'lingaliro lamakono. Monga woimba, adapanga zonse zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, ndikupangitsa kuti mitundu yonse ya nyimbo ikhale yangwiro ndikuposa pafupifupi onse am'mbuyomu ndi kuphatikiza koyenera kwa malingaliro akumpoto ndi achilatini. Kuti nyimbo za Mozart ziziyenda bwino, mu 1862 mu XNUMX munkafunika kufalitsa kabuku kamene kanasinthidwa ndi kukonzedwanso, komwe kuli ndi dzina la wolemba wake L. von Köchel.

Kupanga kotereku - osati kosowa, komabe, mu nyimbo za ku Europe - sikunali kokha chifukwa cha luso lobadwa nalo (zimanenedwa kuti adalemba nyimbo mosavuta komanso mosavuta monga zilembo): mkati mwa nthawi yochepa yomwe adapatsidwa ndi tsoka. chodziwika ndi nthawi zina zodumpha mosadziwika bwino, idapangidwa kudzera kulumikizana ndi aphunzitsi osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuthana ndi zovuta pakupanga luso. Mwa oimba omwe adamukhudza mwachindunji, ayenera kutchula dzina (kuphatikiza ndi abambo ake, otsogolera a ku Italy ndi amasiku ano, komanso D. von Dittersdorf ndi JA Hasse) I. Schobert, KF Abel (ku Paris ndi London), ana onse aamuna a Bach, Philipp Emanuel makamaka Johann Christian, yemwe anali chitsanzo cha kuphatikiza kwa masitaelo "olimba mtima" ndi "ophunzira" m'magulu akuluakulu a zida, komanso mu mndandanda wamasewera ndi opera, KV Gluck - ponena za zisudzo. , ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu muzojambula, Michael Haydn, wosewera mpira wabwino kwambiri, mchimwene wa Joseph wamkulu, yemwe adawonetsa Mozart momwe angakwaniritsire mawu okhutiritsa, kuphweka, kumasuka ndi kusinthasintha kwa zokambirana, popanda kusiya zovuta kwambiri. njira. Maulendo ake opita ku Paris ndi London, ku Mannheim (komwe amamvera okestra yotchuka yoyendetsedwa ndi Stamitz, gulu loyamba komanso lotsogola kwambiri ku Europe) linali lofunikira. Tiyeni tiwonenso za chilengedwe cha Baron von Swieten ku Vienna, kumene Mozart anaphunzira ndikuyamikira nyimbo za Bach ndi Handel; Pomaliza, tikuwona maulendo opita ku Italy, komwe adakumana ndi oimba ndi oimba otchuka (Sammartini, Piccini, Manfredini) ndi komwe ku Bologna adalemba mayeso otsutsana ndi Padre Martini (kunena zoona, osapambana kwambiri).

M'bwalo la zisudzo, Mozart adapeza kuphatikiza kophatikizana kwa opera ku Italy ndi sewero, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nyimbo zake zikhale zofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti sewero la zisudzo zake zimachokera ku zotsatira zosankhidwa bwino za siteji, gulu la oimba, monga lymph, limalowa mu selo laling'ono kwambiri la makhalidwe a munthuyo, limalowa mosavuta m'mipata yaing'ono kwambiri mkati mwa mawu, monga vinyo wonunkhira, wofunda, ngati chifukwa cha mantha. kuti khalidwe silidzakhala ndi mzimu wokwanira. gwirani udindo. Nyimbo zophatikizika zosazolowereka zikuyenda mothamanga, mwina kupanga solo zodziwika bwino, kapena kuvala zovala zosiyanasiyana, zosamala kwambiri za ma ensembles. Pansi pa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso pansi pa masks owoneka bwino, munthu amatha kuwona chikhumbo chokhazikika cha chidziwitso chaumunthu, chomwe chimabisika ndi masewera omwe amathandizira kuthana ndi ululu ndikuchiza. Kodi n'zotheka kuti njira yake yolenga yanzeru inatha ndi Chofunikira, chomwe, ngakhale sichinamalizidwe komanso sichikhoza kuwerenga momveka bwino, ngakhale kuti chinamalizidwa ndi wophunzira wosadziwa, chimanjenjemera ndi kukhetsa misozi? Imfa monga ntchito ndi kumwetulira kwakutali kwa moyo kumawonekera kwa ife mu Lacrimosa akuwusa moyo, monga uthenga wa mulungu wamng'ono wotengedwa kwa ife posachedwa.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)

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