Maria Petrovna Maksakova |

Maria Maksakova

Maria Petrovna Maksakova anabadwa pa April 8, 1902 ku Astrakhan. Bamboyo anamwalira msanga, ndipo amayi, chifukwa cholemedwa ndi banja, sakanatha kusamalira ana. Ali ndi zaka eyiti, mtsikanayo anapita kusukulu. Koma sanaphunzire bwino chifukwa cha khalidwe lake lachilendo: adadzitsekera yekha, adakhala wosachezeka, kenako adatenga anzake ndi zipolopolo zachiwawa.

Ali ndi zaka khumi anayamba kuyimba m’kwaya ya tchalitchi. Ndipo apa Marusya amawoneka ngati asinthidwa. Msungwana wowoneka bwino, wogwidwa ndi ntchito mu kwaya, pomalizira pake adadekha.

“Ndinaphunzira kuŵerenga nyimbo ndekha,” woimbayo anakumbukira motero. - Pachifukwa ichi, ndidalemba sikelo pakhoma lanyumba ndikuigwedeza tsiku lonse. Patatha miyezi iŵiri, ndinaonedwa kuti ndine wodziŵa bwino nyimbo, ndipo patapita nthaŵi ndinali ndi kale “dzina” la woimba kwaya amene amaŵerenga momasuka papepala.

Patangotha ​​chaka chimodzi, Marusya anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu la viola la kwaya, komwe adagwira ntchito mpaka 1917. Apa ndi pamene makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a woimbayo anayamba kukula - kumveka bwino komanso kumveka bwino.

Pambuyo pa October Revolution, pamene maphunziro anakhala omasuka, Maksakova analowa sukulu ya nyimbo, kalasi ya piyano. Popeza analibe chida kunyumba, amaphunzira kusukulu tsiku lililonse mpaka madzulo. Kwa wojambula wokhumba, mtundu wina wa kutengeka ndi khalidwe panthawiyo. Amakonda kumvetsera masikelo, nthawi zambiri "chidani" cha ophunzira onse.

Maksakova analemba kuti: “Ndinkakonda nyimbo kwambiri. - Nthawi zina, ndimamva, ndikuyenda mumsewu, momwe wina akusewera mamba, ndimayima pansi pawindo ndikumvetsera kwa maola ambiri mpaka atandithamangitsa.

Mu 1917 ndi kuchiyambi kwa 1918, onse amene ankagwira ntchito m’kwaya ya tchalitchi anagwirizanitsidwa kukhala kwaya imodzi yakudziko ndipo analoŵa m’bungwe la Rabis Union. Choncho ndinagwira ntchito kwa miyezi inayi. Kenako kwayayo inatha, ndipo ndinayamba kuphunzira kuimba.

Mawu anga anali otsika kwambiri, pafupifupi contralto. Kusukulu yoimba, ndinkaonedwa kuti ndine wophunzira waluso, ndipo anayamba kunditumiza ku makonsati okonzekera gulu la Red Guard ndi Navy. Ndinachita bwino ndipo ndinanyadira kwambiri. Patatha chaka chimodzi, ndinayamba kuphunzira ndi mphunzitsi Borodina, ndiyeno ndi wojambula wa Astrakhan Opera - wochititsa chidwi wa soprano Smolenskaya, wophunzira wa IV Tartakov. Smolenskaya anayamba kundiphunzitsa kukhala soprano. Ndinalikonda kwambiri. Ndinaphunzira kwa osapitirira chaka chimodzi, ndipo popeza anaganiza zotumiza Astrakhan Opera ku Tsaritsyn (tsopano Volgograd) m’chilimwe, kuti ndipitirize kuphunzira ndi aphunzitsi anga, ndinaganiza zoyambanso kuchita nawo zisudzo.

Ndinapita koimba ndi mantha. Atandiona nditavala chovala chachifupi cha ana asukulu komanso ndili ndi chikwanje, wotsogolera anaganiza kuti ndabwera kudzalowa m’kwaya ya ana. Komabe, ndinanena kuti ndikufuna kukhala woimba ndekha. Ndinayesedwa, kuvomerezedwa ndikulangizidwa kuti ndiphunzire gawo la Olga kuchokera ku opera Eugene Onegin. Patatha miyezi iwiri anandipatsa Olga kuti ndiyimbe. Ndinali ndisanamvepo ziwonetsero za opera ndipo sindinkadziwa bwino momwe ndimachitira. Pazifukwa zina, sindinkachita mantha ndi kuimba kwanga panthawiyo. Wotsogolera anandionetsa malo amene ndiyenera kukhala pansi ndi kumene ndiyenera kupita. Ndinali wosadziwa mpaka kupusa. Ndipo pamene wina wa kwaya anandinyoza kuti, sindinathe kuyenda mozungulira siteji, ndinali kulandira kale malipiro anga oyambirira, ndinamvetsa mawu awa kwenikweni. Kuti ndiphunzire "kuyenda pa siteji", ndinapanga dzenje kumbuyo kwa nsalu yotchinga kumbuyo ndipo, ndikugwada, ndinayang'ana zochitika zonse pamapazi a ochita masewero, ndikuyesera kukumbukira momwe akuyendera. Ndinadabwa kwambiri kupeza kuti amayenda bwino, monga momwe zimakhalira m'moyo. M'mawa ndinabwera kumalo owonetserako masewero ndipo ndinayenda mozungulira siteji ndi maso anga otsekedwa, kuti ndipeze chinsinsi cha "kutha kuyenda mozungulira siteji". Munali m'chilimwe cha 1919. M'dzinja, mtsogoleri watsopano wa gulu la MK Maksakov, monga adanena, ndi mkuntho wa ochita masewera onse osatha. Chimwemwe changa chinali chachikulu pamene Maksakov anandipatsa udindo wa Siebel ku Faust, Madeleine ku Rigoletto ndi ena. Maksakov nthawi zambiri ankanena kuti ndili ndi talente ya siteji ndi mawu, koma sindikudziwa kuyimba konse. Ndinadabwa kuti: “Zingatheke bwanji, ngati ndimayimba kale papulatifomu ngakhalenso kunyamula nyimbo zoimbidwa.” Komabe, zokambiranazi zinandisokoneza maganizo. Ndinayamba kupempha MK Maksakova kuti azigwira nane ntchito. Iye anali mu gulu ndi woyimba, ndi wotsogolera, ndi woyang'anira zisudzo, ndipo iye analibe nthawi kwa ine. Kenako ndinaganiza zopita kukaphunzira ku Petrograd.

Ndinachoka pasiteshoni n’kupita kumalo osungira anthu omvera, koma anandikaniza chifukwa chakuti ndinalibe dipuloma ya kusekondale. Kuti ndivomereze kuti ndinali kale katswiri wa zisudzo, ndinali ndi mantha. Nditakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kundikanira, ndinatuluka panja n’kulira momvetsa chisoni. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wanga ndinagwidwa ndi mantha enieni: ndekha mumzinda wachilendo, wopanda ndalama, wopanda abwenzi. Mwamwayi, ndinakumana ndi mmodzi wa oimba kwaya mu Astrakhan mumsewu. Anandithandiza kuti ndikhazikike kwakanthaŵi m’banja lomwe ndinalidziŵa bwino. Patatha masiku awiri, Glazunov mwiniwake anandichitira mayeso kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Ananditumiza kwa pulofesa, yemwe ndinayenera kuyamba kuphunzira kuimba. Pulofesayo ananena kuti ndili ndi lyric soprano. Kenako ndinaganiza zobwerera ku Astrakhan kuti ndikaphunzire ndi Maksakov, yemwe anandipeza ndi mezzo-soprano. Pobwerera kwathu, posapita nthaŵi ndinakwatiwa ndi MK Maksakov, amene anakhala mphunzitsi wanga.

Chifukwa cha luso lake lomveka bwino, Maksakova adatha kulowa m'nyumba ya opera. ML Lvov analemba kuti: - Zosawoneka bwino zinali zolondola za katchulidwe ka mawu ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chinakopa woimbayo wamng'ono poimba chinali nyimbo ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso kukhala ndi maganizo okhudzidwa ndi zomwe zachitika. Zoonadi, zonsezi zikadali zakhanda, koma zinali zokwanira kuti munthu wodziwa bwino siteji amve mwayi wa chitukuko.

Mu 1923, woimba poyamba anaonekera pa siteji ya Bolshoi mu udindo wa Amneris ndipo nthawi yomweyo analandiridwa mu gulu la zisudzo. Kugwira ntchito mozunguliridwa ndi ambuye monga Suk ndi wotsogolera Lossky, oimba nyimbo Nezhdanova, Sobinov, Obukhova, Stepanova, Katulskaya, wojambula wachinyamatayo anazindikira mwamsanga kuti palibe talente yomwe ingathandize popanda kuyesetsa kwakukulu: "Chifukwa cha luso la Nezhdanova ndi Lohengrin - Sobinov, ndinamvetsetsa poyamba kuti chifaniziro cha mbuye wamkulu chimafika kumapeto kwa kufotokozera kokha pamene kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwamkati kumawonekera mu mawonekedwe osavuta komanso omveka bwino, pamene kulemera kwa dziko lauzimu kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuuma kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Nditamvetsera kwa oimbawa, ndinayamba kumvetsa cholinga ndi tanthauzo la ntchito yanga yamtsogolo. Ndinazindikira kale kuti talente ndi mawu ndi zinthu zokha mothandizidwa ndi ntchito yotopetsa, woimba aliyense akhoza kupeza ufulu woimba pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre. Kulankhulana ndi Antonina Vasilievna Nezhdanova, yemwe kuyambira masiku oyambirira a kukhala ku Bolshoi Theatre anakhala ulamuliro waukulu kwa ine, anandiphunzitsa kukhwima ndi kukhwima mu luso langa.

Mu 1925 Maksakova anatumizidwa ku Leningrad. Kumeneko, repertoire yake ya opaleshoni inawonjezeredwa ndi mbali za Orpheus, Marita (Khovanshchina) ndi mnzake Dasha mu opera ya Red Petrograd ndi Gladkovsky ndi Prussak. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu 1927, Maria anabwerera ku Moscow, ku State Academic Bolshoi Theatre, anakhalabe mpaka 1953 soloist wamkulu wa gulu loyamba la dziko.

Sizingatheke kutchula gawo la mezzo-soprano mu zisudzo zomwe zidachitika ku Bolshoi Theatre pomwe Maksakova sangawala. Osaiwalika kwa anthu masauzande ambiri anali Carmen, Lyubasha, Marina Mnishek, Marfa, Hanna, Spring, Lel m'masewero a nyimbo zachi Russia, Delilah wake, Azuchena, Ortrud, Charlotte ku Werther, ndipo potsiriza Orpheus mu opera ya Gluck adachita nawo. State Ensemble opera motsogozedwa ndi IS Kozlovsky. Iye anali Clarice wokongola kwambiri mu Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges, Almast woyamba mu opera ya Spendiarov ya dzina lomwelo, Aksinya mu Dzerzhinsky's The Quiet Don ndi Grunya mu Chishko's Battleship Potemkin. Umu ndi mmene zinalili ndi katswiriyu. Ndikoyenera kunena kuti woimbayo, m'zaka za siteji yake, ndipo kenako, akuchoka ku zisudzo, adapereka zoimbaimba zambiri. Zina mwazopambana zake zapamwamba zitha kunenedwa kuti kutanthauzira kwachikondi kwa Tchaikovsky ndi Schumann, ntchito za olemba Soviet ndi nyimbo zowerengeka.

Maksakova ndi m'modzi mwa ojambula a Soviet omwe anali ndi mwayi woimira luso lathu loimba kunja kwa nthawi yoyamba m'ma 30, ndipo iye ndi woyenera kulamulira ku Turkey, Poland, Sweden, ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo m'mayiko ena.

Komabe, sikuti zonse zimakhala zabwino kwambiri m'moyo wa woyimba wamkulu. Mwana wamkazi Lyudmila, yemwenso ndi woimba, Wolemekezeka Wojambula wa Russia:

“Mwamuna wa amayi anga (amene anali kazembe wa dziko la Poland) anatengedwa usiku n’kupita naye. Iye sanamuwonenso iye. Ndipo zinali choncho ndi ambiri...

... Atatsekera m'ndende ndi kuwombera mwamuna wake, adakhala pansi pa lupanga la Damocles, chifukwa chinali bwalo la zisudzo la Stalin. Kodi woyimba yemwe ali ndi mbiri yotere angakhale mmenemo. Iwo ankafuna kutumiza iye ndi ballerina Marina Semenova mu ukapolo. Koma nkhondo itayamba, mayi anga anapita ku Astrakhan, ndipo nkhaniyo inaoneka ngati yaiwalika. Koma atabwerera ku Moscow, anapeza kuti palibe chimene chinaiwalika: Golovanov anachotsedwa mu mphindi imodzi pamene anayesa kumuteteza. Koma iye anali munthu wamphamvu - kondakitala wamkulu wa Bolshoi Theatre, woimba wamkulu, wopambana mphoto Stalin ... "

Koma pamapeto pake zonse zinayenda bwino. Mu 1944 Maksakova analandira mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano wokonzedwa ndi Komiti ya Luso la USSR chifukwa cha ntchito yabwino ya nyimbo Russian. Mu 1946, Maria Petrovna analandira mphoto ya boma la USSR chifukwa cha bwino kwambiri pazochitika za zisudzo ndi zisudzo. Analandiranso kawiri - mu 1949 ndi 1951.

Maksakova ndi wolimbikira kwambiri yemwe wakwanitsa kuchulukitsa ndi kukweza talente yake yachilengedwe kudzera muntchito yosatopa. Wogwira naye ntchito ND Spiller akukumbukira kuti:

"Maksakova adakhala wojambula chifukwa chofuna kukhala wojambula. Chilakolako ichi, cholimba ngati chinthu, sichingathe kuzimitsidwa ndi chirichonse, iye anali kusunthira molimba ku cholinga chake. Pamene anayamba ntchito ina yatsopano, sanasiye kuigwira. Anagwira ntchito (inde, adagwira ntchito!) Pa maudindo ake mu magawo. Ndipo izi nthawi zonse zimatsogolera ku mbali ya mawu, mapangidwe a siteji, maonekedwe - mwachizoloŵezi, chirichonse chinapeza mawonekedwe omaliza aukadaulo, odzazidwa ndi tanthauzo lalikulu komanso malingaliro.

Kodi luso la Maksakova linali chiyani? Uliwonse wa maudindo ake sunali pafupifupi gawo loyimbidwa: lero mumalingaliro - zimamveka bwino, mawa osati - zoyipa pang'ono. Anali ndi chilichonse ndipo nthawi zonse "amalimbitsa" kwambiri. Unali mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa ukatswiri. Ndikukumbukira kuti nthawi ina, pakuchita masewera a Carmen, kutsogolo kwa siteji ya malo odyera, Maria Petrovna, kuseri kwa zochitika, adakweza m'mphepete mwa siketi yake kangapo kutsogolo kwa galasi ndikutsatira kayendedwe ka mwendo wake. Anali kukonzekera siteji imene ankayenera kuvina. Koma zikwizikwi za machitidwe ochita masewero, kusintha, kuganiziridwa bwino, mawu omveka bwino, pamene zonse zinali zomveka bwino komanso zomveka - mwachizoloŵezi, iye anali ndi zonse kuti athe kufotokozera momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino, ndipo siteji imasonyeza mkhalidwe wamkati wa heroines, malingaliro amkati a anthu. makhalidwe ndi zochita zawo . Maria Petrovna Maksakova ndi katswiri woimba. Mphatso zake, luso lake lapamwamba, momwe amaonera zisudzo, udindo wake ndi woyenera kulemekezedwa kwambiri. "

Ndipo izi ndi zomwe mnzake wina S.Ya. akuti Maksakova. Lemeshev:

“Iye salephera kukoma mwaluso. Amatha "kumvetsetsa" pang'ono osati "kufinya" (ndipo izi ndizomwe zimabweretsa kupambana mosavuta kwa woimbayo). Ndipo ngakhale pansi pamtima ambiri aife timadziwa kuti kupambana koteroko sikokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndi ojambula otchuka okha omwe amatha kukana. Kutengeka kwa nyimbo kwa Maksakova kumawonekera muzonse, kuphatikizapo chikondi chake pazochitika za konsati, mabuku a chipinda. Ndizovuta kudziwa kuti ndi mbali iti ya ntchito ya Maksakova - siteji ya opera kapena siteji ya konsati - idamupatsa kutchuka kwakukulu kotere. Zina mwa zolengedwa zake zabwino kwambiri pamasewera a chipinda ndizo chikondi cha Tchaikovsky, Balakirev, kuzungulira kwa Schumann "Chikondi ndi Moyo wa Mkazi" ndi zina zambiri.

Ndikukumbukira MP Maksakov, akuimba nyimbo zachi Russia: chiyero ndi kuwolowa manja kosathawika kwa moyo waku Russia kumawululidwa pakuyimba kwake, kuyera kwake komanso kukhazikika kwamakhalidwe! Mu nyimbo za ku Russia pali nyimbo zambiri zakutali. Mutha kuyimba m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zonse mwachangu, komanso zovuta, komanso ndi malingaliro omwe amabisika m'mawu akuti: "O, pita ku gehena!". Ndipo Maksakova adapeza mawu ake, omwe amakopeka, nthawi zina, koma nthawi zonse amapangidwa ndi kufewa kwachikazi.

Ndipo apa pali maganizo a Vera Davydova:

"Maria Petrovna ankakonda kwambiri maonekedwe. Osati kokha kuti anali wokongola kwambiri komanso anali ndi maonekedwe abwino. Koma nthawi zonse ankayang'anitsitsa mawonekedwe ake akunja, amatsatira kwambiri zakudya zolimbitsa thupi komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ...

… Ma dacha athu pafupi ndi Moscow ku Snegiri, pamtsinje wa Istra, adayima pafupi, ndipo tidakhala limodzi patchuthi. Choncho, tsiku lililonse ndinkakumana ndi Maria Petrovna. Ndinayang’ana moyo wake wapanyumba wabata ndi banja lake, ndinawona chikondi chake ndi chisamaliro chake kwa amayi ake, alongo ake, amene anamuyankha mofananamo. Maria Petrovna ankakonda kuyenda kwa maola ambiri m'mphepete mwa Istra ndikusilira malingaliro odabwitsa, nkhalango ndi madambo. Nthaŵi zina tinkakumana ndi kukambitsirana naye, koma nthaŵi zambiri tinkangokambirana nkhani zing’onozing’ono zokha za moyo ndipo sitinakhudze konse za ntchito yathu yochitira nawo zisudzo. Maubwenzi athu anali ochezeka kwambiri komanso oyera. Tinkalemekezana ndi kuyamikira ntchito ndi luso la wina ndi mnzake.”

Maria Petrovna, chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, atasiya siteji, anapitiriza kukhala ndi moyo wotanganidwa. Anaphunzitsa luso loimba ku GITIS, komwe anali pulofesa wothandizira, adatsogolera Sukulu ya Anthu ya Singing ku Moscow, adachita nawo mpikisano wamagulu ambiri a All-Union ndi mayiko, ndipo adachita nawo utolankhani.

Maksakova anamwalira pa August 11, 1974 ku Moscow.