MAVUTO OKONZA MAPHUNZIRO A NYIMBO KU RUSSIA M'MASO A MPHUNZITSI WA PASUKULU WA ANA.

     Phokoso lamatsenga la nyimbo - mapiko a mapiko - chifukwa cha luso la anthu, linakwera pamwamba kuposa mlengalenga. Koma kodi thambo lakhala lopanda mitambo chifukwa cha nyimbo?  "Chisangalalo chokha?", "Popanda kudziwa zopinga zilizonse?"  Kukula, nyimbo, monga moyo wamunthu, monga tsogolo la dziko lathu lapansi, zidawona zinthu zosiyanasiyana ...

     Nyimbo, cholengedwa chosalimba kwambiri cha munthu, chayesedwa kangapo m’mbiri yake. Anadutsa m'zaka zapakati pazaka zapakati, kupyolera mu nkhondo, zaka mazana ambiri ndi mphezi, zapafupi ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi.  Yagonjetsa zigawenga, miliri, ndi Cold War. Kuponderezana m'dziko lathu kwasokoneza tsogolo la anthu ambiri  anthu opanga, komanso anatontholetsa zida zina zoimbira. Gitala adaponderezedwa.

     Ndipo komabe, nyimbo, ngakhale zinali zotayika, zidapulumuka.

     Nthawi za nyimbo sizinali zovuta ...  kukhala wopanda mitambo, wotukuka wa anthu. M’zaka zachisangalalo zino, monga momwe akatswiri ambiri achikhalidwe amanenera, “anzeru” oŵerengeka ndi oŵerengeka. Ochepera  m’nyengo ya chipwirikiti cha anthu ndi ndale!  Pali lingaliro pakati pa asayansi  kuti chodabwitsa cha kubadwa kwa namatetule n’chodabwitsadi m’kudalira kwake kopanda mzere pa “khalidwe” la nthaŵiyo, mlingo wa chiyanjo chake ku chikhalidwe.

      Inde, nyimbo za Beethoven  wobadwa munthawi yomvetsa chisoni ku Europe, adawuka ngati "yankho"  mpaka m'nyengo yoopsa yamagazi ya Napoleon, nthawi ya Revolution ya France.  Kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha Russia  Zaka za m'ma XIX sizinachitike m'paradaiso wa Edeni.  Rachmaninov anapitiriza kulenga (ngakhale ndi zosokoneza kwambiri) kunja kwa Russia wokondedwa wake. Kusintha kwakukulu kunakhudza tsogolo lake la kulenga. Andres Segovia Torres anapulumutsa ndi kukweza gitala m'zaka zomwe nyimbo ku Spain zinali zovuta. Dziko lakwawo linataya ukulu wa mphamvu za m’nyanja pankhondoyo. Mphamvu zachifumu zinagwedezeka. Dziko la Cervantes, Velazquez, Goya adakumana ndi nkhondo yoyamba yakufa ndi fascism. Ndipo anataya…

     Inde, kungakhale nkhanza ngakhale kulankhula za kutengera tsoka la chikhalidwe ndi ndale ndi cholinga chimodzi chokha: kudzutsa akatswiri, kupanga malo oberekera, kuchitapo kanthu pa mfundo yakuti "zoipitsitsa, bwino."  Komabe,  chikhalidwe akhoza kutengera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito scalpel.  Munthu ndi wokhoza  Thandizeni  nyimbo.

      Nyimbo ndi chinthu chodekha. Iye sadziwa momwe angamenyere, ngakhale amatha kulimbana ndi Mdima. Nyimbo  ikufunika kutengapo gawo. Iye amalabadira kukomera mtima kwa olamulira ndi chikondi cha anthu. Tsogolo lake limadalira ntchito yodzipereka ya oimba komanso, m'njira zambiri, aphunzitsi a nyimbo.

     Monga mphunzitsi pa sukulu ya ana nyimbo dzina lake pambuyo. Ivanov-Kramsky, ine, monga anzanga ambiri, ndikulakalaka kuthandiza ana kuti apite ku nyimbo m'mavuto amasiku ano osintha maphunziro a nyimbo. Sikophweka kwa nyimbo ndi ana, ndi akuluakulu nawonso, kukhala mu nthawi ya kusintha.

      Nthawi ya zigawenga ndi kusintha…  Kaya timakonda kapena ayi, sitingalephere kuyankha mavuto a nthawi yathu.  Panthawi imodzimodziyo, popanga njira zatsopano ndi njira zothetsera mavuto apadziko lonse, ndikofunikira kuti tisamangotsogoleredwa ndi zofuna za anthu ndi dziko lathu lalikulu, komanso kuti tisaiwale maloto ndi zokhumba za "ang'ono". ” woimba wachinyamata. Kodi, ngati n’kotheka, angasinthire bwanji maphunziro a nyimbo mopanda ululu, kusunga zinthu zakale zothandiza, ndi kusiya (kapena kusintha) zosatha ndi zosafunikira?  Ndipo izi ziyenera kuchitika poganizira zofunikira zatsopano za nthawi yathu ino.

     Nanga n’cifukwa ciani kukonzanso kuli kofunika? Ndipotu, akatswiri ambiri, ngakhale si onse, amaganizira chitsanzo chathu cha maphunziro nyimbo  zothandiza kwambiri.

     Aliyense amene amakhala padziko lapansi pamlingo wina amakumana (ndipo adzakumanadi m'tsogolomu) mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi a anthu. Izi  -  ndi vuto lopatsa anthu zinthu (mafakitale, madzi ndi chakudya), ndi vuto la kusalinganika kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, zomwe zingayambitse "kuphulika," njala, ndi nkhondo padziko lapansi. Pa umunthu  Chiwopsezo cha nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya chinali pafupi. Vuto losunga mtendere ndi lalikulu kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Tsoka la chilengedwe likubwera. Uchigawenga. Miliri ya matenda osachiritsika. Vuto la North-South. Mndandandawu ukhoza kupitilizidwa. Kalelo m’zaka za zana la 19, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku France JB Lemarque anaseka momvetsa chisoni kuti: “Munthu ndiyedi mtundu umene udzadziwononga wokha.”

      Akatswiri ambiri apakhomo ndi akunja okhudza maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo akuwona kale zovuta zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi pa "mtundu" wa nyimbo, "khalidwe" la anthu, komanso khalidwe la maphunziro a nyimbo.

      Kodi mungatani ndi zovuta izi? Chisinthiko kapena chisinthiko?  Kodi tiyenera kuphatikiza zoyesayesa za mayiko ambiri kapena kumenyana aliyense payekha?  Ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe cha mayiko? Akatswiri ena amawona njira yothetsera vutoli  mu ndondomeko ya kudalirana kwa mayiko a chuma, chitukuko cha magawo a ntchito padziko lonse, ndi kuzama kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Panopa -  Ichi mwina ndiye chitsanzo chachikulu, ngakhale chosatsutsika, cha dongosolo ladziko lapansi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti si akatswiri onse omwe amavomereza njira zopewera masoka adziko lonse pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za kudalirana kwa mayiko. Akatswiri ambiri amalosera kuti zidzaonekera m’tsogolo.  chitsanzo cha neoconservative cha kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mulimonsemo, njira yothetsera mavuto ambiri  zikuwoneka  kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa za magulu otsutsana pa mfundo za sayansi, kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono, kuganizirana maganizo ndi maudindo, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku kuyesa, pa mfundo za mpikisano wolimbikitsa.  Mwinamwake, mwachitsanzo, zingakhale bwino kupanga zitsanzo zina za sukulu za nyimbo za ana, kuphatikizapo kudzidalira. “Maluwa 100 achite maluwa!”  Ndikofunikiranso kufunafuna kuvomereza pazofunikira, zolinga, ndi zida zosinthira. Ndikoyenera kumasula, momwe kungathekere, kusintha kuchokera ku gawo la ndale, pamene kusintha sikukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha  nyimbo palokha, zingati mokomera magulu a mayiko, mu  zofuna zamakampani ngati chida chofooketsa omwe akupikisana nawo.

     Njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto omwe anthu akukumana nawo  ntchito  kulamula zofuna zawo pazantchito za anthu. Munthu watsopano wamakono akusintha. Iye  ziyenera kugwirizana ndi ubale watsopano wa kupanga. Zofunikira ndi zofunikira zomwe zimayikidwa pa munthu muzochitika zamakono zikusintha. Ananso amasintha. Ndi sukulu zanyimbo za ana, monga ulalo woyamba mu maphunziro a nyimbo, omwe ali ndi cholinga chokumana ndi anyamata ndi atsikana “ena”, “atsopano”, ndikuwayitanira ku “kiyi” yomwe mukufuna.

     Ku funso lomwe lafunsidwa pamwambapa,  kaya kusintha kuli kofunikira pankhani yophunzitsa nyimbo, yankho likhoza kupangidwa motere. Malingaliro atsopano m'makhalidwe a achinyamata, kusintha malingaliro amtengo wapatali, mlingo watsopano wa pragmatism, rationalism ndi zina zambiri zimafuna kuyankha kokwanira kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano ndi njira zosinthira ndi kusintha wophunzira wamakono ku chikhalidwe, nthawi- zofunikira zoyesedwa zomwe zimapangitsa oimba odziwika bwino "akale" kukwera mpaka nyenyezi. Koma nthawi imatipatsa ife osati mavuto okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Talente yachinyamata, osazindikira, ikukumana ndi zotsatira zake  kuphwanya njira yakale yachuma ndi ndale yachitukuko,  international pressure…

     Pazaka 25 zapitazi  kuyambira kugwa kwa USSR ndi chiyambi cha kumanga gulu latsopano  Panali masamba owala komanso oyipa m'mbiri ya kukonzanso maphunziro apanyumba a nyimbo. Nthawi yovuta ya zaka za m'ma 90 inapita ku siteji ya njira zowonjezereka zokonzanso.

     Gawo lofunikira komanso lofunikira pakukonzanso dongosolo la maphunziro a nyimbo zapakhomo linali kukhazikitsidwa ndi Boma la Russian Federation la "Lingaliro lachitukuko cha maphunziro pazachikhalidwe ndi zaluso ku Russian Federation kwa 2008-2015. ” Mzere uliwonse wa chikalatachi ukuwonetsa chikhumbo cha olemba kuti athandize nyimbo kukhala ndi moyo komanso kupereka chilimbikitso  kukula kwake kwina. Zikuwonekeratu kuti omwe amapanga "Concept" ali ndi chisoni pa chikhalidwe chathu ndi luso lathu. N'zoonekeratu kuti n'zosatheka nthawi yomweyo, usiku wonse, kuthetsa mavuto onse okhudzana ndi kusintha nyimbo za nyimbo kuti zikhale zatsopano. Izi zikufotokozera, m'malingaliro athu, njira yaukadaulo mopitilira muyeso, osati malingaliro athunthu kuthana ndi zovuta zatsopano zanthawiyo. Ngakhale ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti zomwe zidaganiziridwa mozama, (ngakhale mosakwanira) zidadziwika bwino za zovuta zamaphunziro aukadaulo zimatsogolera mabungwe amaphunziro adziko kuti athetse mavuto. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwachilungamo, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti zida, njira ndi njira zothetsera mavuto ena pamikhalidwe ya maubwenzi atsopano a msika sizikuwonetsedwa mokwanira. Upawiri wa nthawi ya kusintha umapereka njira yapawiri yosagwirizana ndi ntchito zomwe zikuthetsedwa.

     Pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, olembawo adakakamizika kulambalala zinthu zina zofunika pakukonzanso maphunziro a nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani zandalama ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka maphunziro, komanso kupanga dongosolo latsopano la malipiro a aphunzitsi, sizikumveka. Momwe, m'mikhalidwe yatsopano yachuma, kudziwa chiŵerengero cha zida za boma ndi msika popereka  kukula kwa ntchito ya oimba achichepere (dongosolo la boma kapena zosowa za msika)? Momwe mungakhudzire ophunzira - kumasula ndondomeko ya maphunziro kapena malamulo ake, kulamulira kolimba? Ndi ndani amene amalamulira pophunzira, mphunzitsi kapena wophunzira? Momwe mungatsimikizire kumangidwa kwa zomangamanga za nyimbo - ndalama zapagulu kapena zoyambitsa mabungwe apadera? National Identity kapena "Bolonization"?  Kugawikana kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka makampaniwa kapena kusunga ulamuliro wokhazikika wa boma? Ndipo ngati pali malamulo okhwima, ndiye kuti adzakhala othandiza bwanji? Kodi chiŵerengero chovomerezeka cha mitundu ya mabungwe a maphunziro ku Russia chidzakhala chiyani - boma, boma, lachinsinsi?    Liberal kapena neoconservative njira?

     Chimodzi mwazabwino, m'malingaliro athu, ndi nthawi yokonzanso  panali pang'ono (malinga ndi osintha zinthu, osafunikira kwenikweni) kufooka kwa ulamuliro ndi kasamalidwe ka boma.  maphunziro a nyimbo. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kutsimikiza kwina kwa dongosolo la dongosolo kunachitika dee dee dee coem m'malo mopumira. Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la maphunziro mu 2013 sikunathetse vutoli. Ngakhale,  Zoonadi, ambiri m’magulu oimba a dziko lathu anali abwino  kulengeza kudziyimira pawokha kwa mabungwe a maphunziro, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito yophunzitsa ndi makolo a ophunzira mu kasamalidwe ka mabungwe maphunziro anavomerezedwa (3.1.9). Ngati kale maphunziro onse  mapulogalamu adavomerezedwa pamlingo wa Unduna wa Chikhalidwe ndi Maphunziro, tsopano mabungwe oimba akhala omasuka pang'ono popanga maphunziro, kukulitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zanyimbo zomwe adaphunzira, komanso zokhudzana ndi  kuphunzitsa masitaelo amakono a zaluso zanyimbo, kuphatikiza jazi, avant-garde, ndi zina.

     Kawirikawiri, "Pulogalamu yopititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo za ku Russia kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2020 ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito yake" yotengedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe cha Chitaganya cha Russia iyenera kuunika kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo,  Ndikuganiza kuti chikalata chofunikirachi chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa pang'ono. Tiyeni tifanizire izo ndi  idakhazikitsidwa ku USA mu 2007 pamwambo wosiyirana wa Tanglewood (wachiwiri).  "Charting for future"  Pulogalamu ya "Main Directions for Reform of US Music Education for the Next 40 Years." Pa wathu  maganizo omvera, chikalata cha ku America, mosiyana ndi Chirasha, ndi chodziwika bwino, chofotokozera, komanso chovomerezeka mwachilengedwe. Sichimathandizidwa ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro enieni a njira ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zomwe zakonzedwa. Akatswiri ena amavomereza kufalikira kwakukulu kwa Amereka  chikalata chakuti inali nthawi yomwe vuto lalikulu lazachuma la 2007-2008 linayambika ku United States.  M'malingaliro awo, ndizovuta kwambiri kukonzekera zam'tsogolo mumikhalidwe yotere. Zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti nzotheka  mapulani a nthawi yaitali (Russian ndi America) zimadalira osati pa mlingo wa kulongosola kwa ndondomeko, komanso luso la "pamwamba" chidwi gulu nyimbo za mayiko awiriwa kuthandizira mapulogalamu anatengera. Kuonjezera apo, zambiri zidzadalira luso la oyang'anira apamwamba kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zomwe akufuna, pakupezeka kwa zinthu zoyendetsera ntchito pamwamba. Kodi munthu sangayerekeze bwanji algorithm?  kupanga zisankho ndi kuphedwa ku USA, China ndi Russian Federation.

       Akatswiri ambiri amaona kuti njira yochenjera ku Russia yokonzanso dongosolo la maphunziro a nyimbo ndi chinthu chabwino. Ambiri akadali  Iwo amakhulupirira kuti chitsanzo cha magawo atatu a maphunziro a nyimbo omwe anapangidwa m'dziko lathu m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi yapadera komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti mu mawonekedwe ake kwambiri schematic imaphatikizapo maphunziro a nyimbo za pulayimale m'sukulu za nyimbo za ana, maphunziro apamwamba a sekondale m'makoleji oimba ndi masukulu.  maphunziro apamwamba oimba ku mayunivesite ndi ma Conservatories. Mu 1935, sukulu za nyimbo za ana aluso zidapangidwanso kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale.  Pamaso pa "perestroika" mu USSR panali pa 5 zikwi ana sukulu nyimbo, 230 masukulu nyimbo, 10 sukulu luso, 12 music pedagogical sukulu, 20 conservatories, 3 music pedagogical mabungwe, pa 40 madipatimenti nyimbo m'masukulu pedagogical. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu ya dongosololi yagona pakutha kuphatikiza mfundo yotenga nawo gawo pagulu ndi kulemekeza munthu payekha.  ophunzira aluso, kuwapatsa mwayi woti akule bwino. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena oimba aku Russia (makamaka, membala wa Union of Composers of Russia, candidate of art history, pulofesa LA Kupets),  maphunziro a nyimbo atatu ayenera kusungidwa, atadutsa kusintha kwachiphamaso, makamaka ponena za kubweretsa ma dipuloma ochokera ku mabungwe oimba nyimbo mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za malo otsogolera nyimbo zakunja.

     Chidziwitso cha ku America chowonetsetsa kuti luso lazoimba nyimbo lili ndi mpikisano wapamwamba m'dzikoli liyenera kusamala kwambiri.

    Chisamaliro cha nyimbo ku USA ndichokwera kwambiri. M'mabwalo aboma komanso m'magulu oimba a dziko lino, zomwe zachitika padziko lonse lapansi komanso zovuta m'dziko la nyimbo, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a nyimbo, zimakambidwa kwambiri. Zokambirana zofala zimayikidwa nthawi, makamaka, kuti zigwirizane ndi "Tsiku Lachidziwitso Chojambula" chaka chilichonse ku United States, chomwe, mwachitsanzo, chinagwera pa March 2017-20 mu 21. Pamlingo waukulu, chidwi ichi chiyenera, pa mbali imodzi, kufuna kusunga kutchuka kwa luso la ku America, ndipo, kumbali ina, ku chikhumbo chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito  zaluntha za nyimbo, maphunziro a nyimbo kuti awonjezere chitetezo cha anthu polimbana ndi utsogoleri waukadaulo waku America komanso zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Pamsonkhano ku US Congress pa momwe luso ndi nyimbo zimakhudzira chuma cha dziko (“The Economic and Employment Impact of the Arts and Music Industry”, Hearing before US House of Representatives, March 26, 2009)  kulimbikitsa lingaliro lachangu kwambiri  Pogwiritsa ntchito luso la luso kuthetsa mavuto a dziko, mawu otsatirawa a Pulezidenti Obama anagwiritsidwa ntchito:  “Zaluso ndi nyimbo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukweza anthu ogwira ntchito mdziko muno, kupititsa patsogolo moyo wabwino, kukonza zinthu m’sukulu.”

     Katswiri wodziwika wa mafakitale wa ku America Henry Ford analankhula za udindo wa umunthu, kufunika kwa khalidwe la umunthu: “Ukhoza kutenga mafakitale anga, ndalama zanga, kuwotcha nyumba zanga, koma ndisiyeni anthu anga, ndipo musanakumbukire, ndidzakubwezeretsani. zonse ndidzakhala patsogolo panu. ”…

      Akatswiri ambiri a ku America amakhulupirira kuti kuphunzira nyimbo kumayambitsa luntha la munthu, kumakulitsa luso lake  IQ imapanga luso laumunthu, kulingalira, kulingalira, ndi luso. Asayansi ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin atsimikiza kuti ophunzira a piyano amasonyeza apamwamba  (34% apamwamba poyerekeza ndi ana ena) ntchito za madera a ubongo amene ntchito kwambiri ndi munthu kuthetsa mavuto m'munda wa masamu, sayansi, zomangamanga ndi luso.   

     Zikuwoneka kuti m'magulu anyimbo aku US kuwoneka kwa monograph ya DK Kirnarskaya pamsika wa mabuku aku America angalandilidwe. "Nyimbo zapamwamba za aliyense." Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi akatswiri a ku America chikhoza kukhala mawu otsatirawa a wolemba: "Nyimbo zachikale ... ndiye woyang'anira ndi wophunzitsa zauzimu, nzeru, chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro ... kukhala wosalimba mtima, wanzeru, ndipo malingaliro ake amaphunzira kukhala apamwamba kwambiri, ochenjera, komanso opanda pake. ”

     Mwa zina, nyimbo, malinga ndi asayansi otsogola a ndale a ku America, zimabweretsa mapindu achindunji azachuma kwa anthu. Gawo lanyimbo la anthu aku America limabwezeretsanso bajeti ya US. Chifukwa chake, mabizinesi onse ndi mabungwe omwe akugwira ntchito m'gawo lazachikhalidwe ku US pachaka amapeza madola mabiliyoni 166, amagwiritsa ntchito anthu aku America 5,7 miliyoni (1,01% ya anthu omwe amalembedwa ntchito pachuma cha America) ndikubweretsa pafupifupi 30 biliyoni ku bajeti ya dzikolo. Chidole.

    Kodi tingaike motani phindu landalama ponena za chenicheni chakuti ophunzira oloŵetsedwa m’maprogramu a nyimbo za kusukulu sakhala odziloŵetsa m’upandu, kugwiritsira ntchito anamgoneka, ndi kumwerekera? Pazotsatira zabwino za udindo wa nyimbo m'derali  mwachitsanzo, adabwera ku Texas Drug and Alcohol Commission.

     Ndipo potsiriza, asayansi ambiri a ku America ali ndi chidaliro kuti nyimbo ndi zaluso zimatha kuthetsa mavuto a moyo wapadziko lonse wa anthu muzochitika zatsopano zachitukuko. Malinga ndi katswiri wanyimbo wa ku America Elliot Eisner (mlembi wa "Implications of the New Educational Conservatism  for the Future of the Art Education”, Hearing, Congress of the USA, 1984), “aphunzitsi anyimbo okha ndi omwe amadziwa kuti zaluso ndi umunthu ndiye ulalo wofunikira kwambiri pakati pa zakale ndi zamtsogolo, kutithandiza kusunga zikhalidwe za anthu mu zaka zamagetsi ndi makina ". Mawu a John F. Kennedy pankhaniyi ndi ochititsa chidwi: “Kujambula si chinthu chachiŵiri kwenikweni m’moyo wa dziko. Ili pafupi kwambiri ndi cholinga chachikulu cha boma, ndipo ndi mayeso a litmus omwe amatilola kuwunika momwe chitukuko chake chikuyendera. "

     Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Russian  chitsanzo maphunziro (makamaka otukuka dongosolo la ana sukulu nyimbo  ndi sukulu za ana aluso)  sichikugwirizana ndi unyinji wa akunja  machitidwe posankha ndi kuphunzitsa oyimba. Kunja kwa dziko lathu, kupatulapo osowa (Germany, China), dongosolo la magawo atatu la maphunziro oimba oimba ofanana ndi achi Russia sakuchitidwa. Kodi maphunziro apanyumba a nyimbo ndi othandiza bwanji? Zambiri zitha kumveka poyerekezera zomwe mwakumana nazo ndi machitidwe a mayiko akunja.

     Maphunziro a nyimbo ku USA ndi amodzi mwabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi,  ngakhale malinga ndi njira zina, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, akadali otsika kwambiri kwa Russian.

     Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa North Atlantic (malinga ndi zofunikira zina unkatchedwa "McDonaldization"), wofanana ndi wathu, ndi wochuluka.  zosavuta m'mapangidwe ndipo mwina penapake  zochepa zogwira mtima.

      Ngakhale kuti ku USA maphunziro oyambirira a nyimbo (phunziro limodzi kapena awiri pa sabata) akulimbikitsidwa  kale mkati  kusukulu ya pulayimale, koma pochita izi sizikuyenda bwino nthawi zonse. Kuphunzitsa nyimbo sikokakamiza. M'malo mwake, maphunziro a nyimbo m'masukulu aboma aku America  monga kukakamizidwa, kuyamba kokha  с  giredi 13, ndiye kuti ali ndi zaka 14-1,3. Izi, ngakhale malinga ndi akatswiri a nyimbo zakumadzulo, zachedwa kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, kwenikweni, XNUMX  Mamiliyoni a ophunzira aku pulayimale alibe mwayi wophunzira nyimbo. Zoposa 8000  Sukulu zaboma ku United States siziphunzitsa nyimbo. Monga mukudziwira, momwe zinthu zilili ku Russia mu gawo ili la maphunziro a nyimbo ndizovuta kwambiri.

       Maphunziro a nyimbo ku USA atha kupezeka pa  conservatories, masukulu, mayunivesite oimba,  m'madipatimenti oimba a mayunivesite, komanso m'masukulu oimba (masukulu), ambiri omwe  kuphatikizidwa m'mayunivesite ndi masukulu. Ziyenera kufotokozedwa kuti masukulu / makoleji awa sali ofanana ndi sukulu za nyimbo za ana aku Russia.  Wolemekezeka kwambiri  Mabungwe ophunzirira nyimbo zaku America ndi Curtis Institute of Music, Julliard School, Berklee College of Music, New England Conservatory, Eastman School of Music, San Francisco Conservatory of Music ndi ena. Pali malo opitilira 20 ku USA (dzina loti "conservatory" ndilosamveka kwa anthu aku America; masukulu ena ngakhale makoleji amatha kutchedwa motere).  Masukulu ambiri osungiramo zinthu zakale amatengera maphunziro awo pa nyimbo zachikale. Pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri  zosungirako  phunzirani nyimbo zamakono. Malipiro (maphunziro okha) pa imodzi mwapamwamba kwambiri  Mapunivesite a ku America  Sukulu ya Julliard imaposa  40 madola zikwi pachaka. Izi ndizokwera kawiri kapena katatu kuposa nthawi zonse  mayunivesite a nyimbo ku USA. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti  kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya America Julliard School  imapanga nthambi yake kunja kwa United States ku Tianjin (PRC).

     Kagawo kakang'ono ka maphunziro apadera a nyimbo a ana ku United States amadzazidwa pang'ono ndi masukulu okonzekera, omwe amagwira ntchito pafupifupi m'masukulu akuluakulu onse osungira nyimbo ndi "sukulu zanyimbo"  USA. De jure, ana azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi amatha kuphunzira m'masukulu okonzekera. Atamaliza maphunziro ake pa Sukulu Yokonzekera, wophunzira akhoza kulowa mu yunivesite ya nyimbo ndikupempha kuti ayenerere "Bachelor of Music Education" (yofanana ndi msinkhu wa chidziwitso pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za maphunziro athu ku yunivesite), "Master of Music Education ( mofanana ndi pulogalamu ya mbuye wathu), “Dokotala Ph . D in Music” (mosakumbukira bwino za sukulu yathu yomaliza maphunziro).

     N'zotheka m'tsogolo kupanga masukulu apadera a nyimbo za pulayimale ku United States pamaziko a maphunziro a "Magnet School" (masukulu a mphatso za ana).

     Panopa mu  Pali aphunzitsi a nyimbo okwana 94 zikwizikwi ku USA (0,003% ya chiwerengero chonse cha dziko). Malipiro awo apakati ndi madola 65 pachaka (kuchokera pa madola 33 mpaka 130 zikwi). Malingana ndi deta ina, malipiro awo apakati ndi ochepa. Ngati tiwerengera malipiro a mphunzitsi wa nyimbo waku America pa ola la kuphunzitsa, malipiro apakati adzakhala $28,43 pa ola limodzi.  ola.

     Kwenikweni  Njira yophunzitsira yaku America ("McDonaldization"), makamaka  ndi kugwirizana pazipita, formalilization ndi standardization maphunziro.  Anthu ena aku Russia sakonda kwenikweni  oimba ndi asayansi amalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti  njira imeneyi kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa luso la wophunzira. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chitsanzo cha North Atlantic chili ndi ubwino wambiri.  Ndizogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso zabwino. Amalola wophunzira kuti apeze luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Mwa njira, chitsanzo cha American pragmatism ndi entrepreneurship ndi chakuti  Anthu aku America adakwanitsa kukhazikitsa njira yopangira nyimbo munthawi yochepa ndikuwonjezera omvera nyimbo ku United States mpaka 7 zikwi.

      Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa za kuchepa kwa luso la ophunzira komanso mavuto omwe akukula ndi maphunziro a nyimbo m'masukulu a sekondale, gulu lanyimbo la ku America likuda nkhawa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama za bajeti za gulu la maphunziro a nyimbo. Anthu ambiri ali ndi nkhawa kuti maboma ang’onoang’ono ndi apakati m’dzikoli sakumvetsa bwino kufunika kophunzitsa achinyamata a ku America za luso ndi nyimbo. Vuto la kusankha, kuphunzitsa aphunzitsi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito kulinso lalikulu. Ena mwa mavutowa adayankhidwa ndi Pulofesa Paul R. Layman, Dean wa Sukulu ya Nyimbo ku yunivesite ya Michigan, mu lipoti lake pamsonkhano wa US Congress pamaso pa Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education.

      Kuyambira m'ma 80s azaka zapitazi, nkhani yokonzanso dongosolo ladziko lonse lophunzitsira oimba yakhala yovuta kwambiri ku United States. Mu 1967, msonkhano woyamba wa Tanglewood Symposium unapanga malingaliro amomwe mungapititsire bwino maphunziro a nyimbo. Mapulani osintha zinthu m'derali akonzedwa  on  40 zaka nthawi. Mu 2007, patapita nthawi, msonkhano wachiwiri wa odziwika nyimbo aphunzitsi, zisudzo, asayansi ndi akatswiri. Nkhani yosiyirana yatsopano, "Tanglewood II: Charting for the future," idatenga chilengezo chokhudza njira zazikulu zosinthira maphunziro mzaka 40 zikubwerazi.

       Msonkhano wa sayansi unachitika mu 1999  "The Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020", pomwe kuyesa kudapangidwa kuti apange njira zophunzitsira nyimbo kwazaka 20. Chilengezo chofananacho chinalandiridwa.

      Kuti tikambirane nkhani zokhudzana ndi maphunziro a nyimbo m'masukulu a pulayimale ndi sekondale ku United States, bungwe lonse la America "The Music Education Policy Roundtable" linapangidwa mu 2012. Mabungwe otsatirawa a nyimbo za ku America ndi opindulitsa:  American  String Teachers Association, International Society for Music Education, International Society for Philosophy of Music Education, National Association for Music Education, Music Teachers National Association.

      Mu 1994, mfundo za dziko za maphunziro a nyimbo zinakhazikitsidwa (ndi kuwonjezeredwa mu 2014). Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira zimenezo  Miyezo yakhazikitsidwa mwachizoloŵezi. Kuonjezera apo, mfundozi zinavomerezedwa ndi gawo limodzi la mayiko, chifukwa chakuti ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira popanga zisankho zoterezi. Mayiko ena adapanga mfundo zawozawo, pomwe ena sanagwirizane ndi izi. Izi zikutsimikizira mfundo yakuti mu maphunziro a ku America, ndi mabungwe apadera, osati Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, omwe amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro a nyimbo.

      Kuchokera ku USA tidzasamukira ku Ulaya, ku Russia. European Bologna Reform (yomwe imamveka ngati njira yolumikizira machitidwe a maphunziro  Mayiko omwe ali a European Community), atatenga njira zake zoyamba mdziko lathu mu 2003, adayima. Iye anakumana ndi kukanidwa ndi mbali yaikulu ya gulu lanyimbo zapakhomo. Zoyesayesa zinakanidwa  kuchokera pamwamba, popanda kukambirana kwakukulu,  kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mabungwe oimba ndi aphunzitsi a nyimbo ku Russian Federation.

     Mpaka pano, dongosolo la Bolognese lilipo m'malo athu oimba m'malo opumira. Makhalidwe ake abwino (kufananiza kwa milingo yophunzitsira akatswiri, kuyenda kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi,  kugwirizana kwa zofunikira kwa ophunzira, ndi zina zotero) zimachotsedwa, monga momwe ambiri amakhulupilira, ndi machitidwe a maphunziro a modular ndi "zopanda ungwiro" za dongosolo la madigiri a sayansi omwe amaperekedwa potengera zotsatira za maphunziro. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, dongosolo la kuvomerezana kwa ziphaso za maphunziro silinapangidwe.  Izi "zosagwirizana" zimakhala zovuta kwambiri  zomwe zimadziwika ndi mayiko omwe ali kunja kwa European Community, komanso mayiko omwe akufuna kulowa nawo dongosolo la Bologna. Maiko omwe alowa nawo dongosololi akumana ndi ntchito yovuta yogwirizanitsa maphunziro awo. Ayeneranso kuthetsa vuto lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosololi  kuchepa pakati pa ophunzira  mlingo wa kuganiza kusanthula, maganizo otsutsa  zinthu zamaphunziro.

     Kuti mumvetse bwino za vuto la Bolonization ya maphunziro apanyumba a maphunziro a nyimbo, ndibwino kuti mutembenuzire ku ntchito za woimba nyimbo, woyimba piyano, pulofesa.  KV Zenkin, ndi akatswiri ena odziwika bwino a zaluso.

     Panthawi ina zingatheke (ndi kusungitsa kwina) kuyandikira European Community, yomwe ili ndi chidwi ndi lingaliro logwirizanitsa machitidwe a maphunziro a nyimbo ku Ulaya, ndi njira yowonjezera kukula kwa lingaliro ili, choyamba ku Eurasian, ndipo potsirizira pake ku miyeso yapadziko lonse lapansi.

      Ku Great Britain, njira yosankhidwa yophunzitsira oimba yakhazikika. Aphunzitsi akusukulu apayekha ndi otchuka. Pali yaying'ono  masukulu angapo oimba nyimbo Loweruka ndi masukulu angapo apadera oimba nyimbo monga Purcell School, motsogozedwa ndi Prince of Wales. Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri a nyimbo ku England, monganso m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, ali ndi zofanana kwambiri mu mawonekedwe ake. Kusiyanasiyana kumakhudzana ndi khalidwe la kuphunzitsa, njira, mawonekedwe  maphunziro, mlingo wa makompyuta, machitidwe olimbikitsa ophunzira, mlingo wa kulamulira ndi kuwunika kwa wophunzira aliyense, ndi zina zotero. 

      Pankhani ya maphunziro a nyimbo, Germany imasiyanitsidwa pang'ono ndi maiko ambiri aku Western omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba la maphunziro a nyimbo. Mwa njira, machitidwe a Germany ndi Russia ali ndi zofanana kwambiri. Monga amadziwika, mu XIX  zaka zana, tinabwereka zambiri kusukulu yanyimbo yaku Germany.

     Pakadali pano, pali gulu lalikulu la masukulu oimba ku Germany. MU  Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 980, chiwerengero chawo chinakwera kufika pa XNUMX (poyerekeza, ku Russia kuli masukulu oimba a ana pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi). Ambiri mwa iwo amalipidwa mabungwe aboma (boma) omwe amayendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu amizinda ndi maboma am'deralo. Maphunziro awo ndi kapangidwe kawo zimayendetsedwa mosamalitsa. Kutenga nawo gawo kwa boma pakuwongolera kwawo ndikochepa komanso kophiphiritsa. Pafupifupi  35 zikwi aphunzitsi a masukulu amenewa amaphunzitsa pafupifupi 900 zikwi ophunzira (mu Chitaganya cha Russia, mu maphunziro apamwamba ntchito, malamulo kukhazikitsa chiŵerengero cha ogwira ntchito yophunzitsa kwa chiwerengero cha ophunzira monga 1 mpaka 10). Ku Germany  Palinso masukulu achinsinsi (opitilira 300) komanso masukulu oimba amalonda. M'sukulu za nyimbo za ku Germany pali magawo anayi a maphunziro: pulayimale (kuyambira zaka 4-6), otsika apakati, apakatikati ndi apamwamba (apamwamba - aulere). Mu aliyense wa iwo, maphunziro kumatenga zaka 2-4. Maphunziro ochulukirapo kapena ocheperako amawononga makolo pafupifupi ma euro 30-50.

     Ponena za masukulu wamba a galamala (Gymnasium) ndi sukulu zamaphunziro wamba (Gesamtschule), maphunziro oyambira (wophunzira atha kusankha kuphunzira nyimbo kapena luso lojambula)  kapena masewero a zisudzo) ndi maola 2-3 pa sabata. Maphunziro osankha, ozama kwambiri oimba amapereka makalasi kwa maola 5-6 pa sabata.  Maphunzirowa amaphatikizapo kudziwa bwino chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, nyimbo, nyimbo,  maziko a mgwirizano. Pafupifupi sukulu iliyonse yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi sekondale  Icho chiri  ofesi yokhala ndi zida zomvera ndi makanema (mphunzitsi aliyense wachisanu wa nyimbo ku Germany amaphunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito ndi zida za MIDI). Pali zida zingapo zoimbira. Maphunziro nthawi zambiri amachitidwa m'magulu a anthu asanu, aliyense  ndi chida chanu. Kupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono oimba nyimbo kumachitidwa.

      Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti sukulu za nyimbo za ku Germany (kupatula za anthu onse) zilibe maphunziro ofanana.

     Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri (conservatories, mayunivesite) amapereka maphunziro kwa zaka 4-5.  Mayunivesite amakhazikika pa  maphunziro a aphunzitsi a nyimbo, omvera - oimba, otsogolera. Omaliza maphunziro amateteza malingaliro awo (kapena dissertation) ndikulandila digiri ya master. M'tsogolomu, ndizotheka kuteteza dissertation ya udokotala. Pali mabungwe oimba 17 apamwamba ku Germany, kuphatikiza ma conservatories anayi ndi masukulu apamwamba 13 ofanana nawo (osawerengera masukulu ndi madipatimenti apadera ku mayunivesite).

       Aphunzitsi apadera akufunikanso ku Germany. Malinga ndi bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku Germany la aphunzitsi odziyimira pawokha, chiwerengero cha aphunzitsi ovomerezeka ovomerezeka okha chimaposa anthu 6 zikwi.

     Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha mayunivesite a nyimbo za ku Germany ndi kudziyimira pawokha komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa ophunzira. Amadzipangira okha maphunziro awo, amasankha maphunziro ndi masemina oti apiteko (osachepera, ndipo mwinanso ufulu wokulirapo posankha njira zophunzitsira, njira yowunikira ntchito, kujambula.  Maphunziro amaphunziro amasiyana ndi maphunziro a nyimbo ku Australia). Ku Germany, nthawi yayikulu yophunzitsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaphunziro amunthu aliyense ndi mphunzitsi. Otukuka kwambiri  siteji ndi machitidwe oyendera. M'dzikoli muli magulu oimba oimba pafupifupi 150 omwe si akatswiri. Zoimbaimba m'matchalitchi ndizofala.

     Akuluakulu a zaluso ku Germany amalimbikitsa kuyang'ana patsogolo, zatsopano pakupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo ndi nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anachita bwino  ku lingaliro lotsegula Institute for Support and Study of Musical Talents ku yunivesite ya Paterborn.

     Ndikofunikira kutsindika kuti ku Germany kuyesayesa kwakukulu kumachitidwa kuti asunge chidziwitso chapamwamba cha nyimbo za anthu ambiri.

       Tiyeni tibwerere ku dongosolo la nyimbo la Russia  maphunziro. Pansi pa kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, koma mpaka pano nyimbo zapakhomo zimakhalabe  vospitania  ndi maphunziro.  Dongosololi cholinga chake ndi kukonzekera woimba ngati katswiri komanso wachikhalidwe kwambiri  munthu analeredwa pa zolinga zaumunthu ndi utumiki ku dziko lake.

      Dongosolo ili linachokera pa zinthu zina za chitsanzo German kuphunzitsa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zothandiza makhalidwe munthu, anabwereka Russia m'zaka za m'ma 19, amene mu Germany ankatchedwa Bildung (mapangidwe, kuunika). Wochokera mkati  M'zaka za zana la 18, dongosolo la maphunziro ili linakhala maziko a chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe chauzimu cha Germany.  “Konsati,” chigwirizano cha anthu achikhalidwe choterocho, malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri amalingaliro a dongosolo la Chijeremani, “chikhoza kupanga  dziko lathanzi, lamphamvu.”

     Chochitika chopanga dongosolo la maphunziro oimba kale m'zaka za m'ma 20 m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku Austria, zimayenera kusamala.  mphunzitsi Carl Orff.  Kutengera zomwe adakumana nazo pogwira ntchito ndi ana pasukulu ya Günterschule ya masewera olimbitsa thupi, nyimbo ndi kuvina, yomwe adapanga, Orff adayitanitsa kukulitsa luso la kulenga mwa ana onse popanda kupatula ndikuwaphunzitsa.  mwachidwi kuyandikira yankho la ntchito iliyonse ndi vuto m'mbali zonse za zochita za anthu. Izi zikugwirizana bwanji ndi malingaliro a mphunzitsi wathu wotchuka wa nyimbo AD  Artobolevskaya! M'kalasi yake yoimba munalibe ophunzira osiya. Ndipo mfundo sikuti amangokonda ophunzira ake ("pedagogy, monga amanenera nthawi zambiri, ndi -  umayi wa hypertrophied"). Kwa iye, panalibe ana opanda luso. Kaphunzitsidwe kake - "zotsatira zanthawi yayitali" - sizimapanga oimba okha, osati munthu payekha, komanso anthu ...  И  Kodi munthu sangakumbukire bwanji mawu a Aristotle akuti kuphunzitsa nyimbo “kuyenera kukhala ndi zolinga zabwino, za makhalidwe abwino ndiponso zanzeru”?  komanso "kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa munthu ndi gulu."

     Komanso zosangalatsa  zokumana nazo zasayansi ndi zophunzitsa za oimba otchuka BL Yavorsky (lingaliro la kulingalira kwanyimbo, lingaliro la kuganiza mophatikizana kwa ophunzira)  и  BV Asafieva  (kukulitsa chidwi ndi kukonda luso la nyimbo).

     Malingaliro a anthu, chikhalidwe, maphunziro auzimu ndi makhalidwe a ophunzira amaonedwa ndi oimba ambiri a ku Russia ndi aphunzitsi monga gawo lofunikira pa chitukuko cha nyimbo ndi luso la Russia. Mphunzitsi wanyimbo G. Neuhaus anati: “Pophunzitsa woyimba piyano, ndondomeko yotsatizana ya maudindo akuluakulu a ntchito ili motere: woyamba ndi munthu, wachiŵiri ndi wojambula, wachitatu ndi woimba, ndipo wachinayi yekha ndi woimba.”

     RџS•Rё  Poganizira nkhani zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa maphunziro a nyimbo ku Russia, munthu sangachitire mwina koma kukhudza nkhaniyi  pa kupitiriza kudzipereka ku mfundo za maphunziro apamwamba mu  kuphunzitsa oyimba. Ndi kusungitsa kwina, tinganene kuti maphunziro athu a nyimbo sanataye miyambo yamaphunziro pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Zikuoneka kuti, ambiri, sitinathe kutaya zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi kuyesedwa kwa nthawi, ndi kupitiriza kumamatira ku miyambo yakale ndi makhalidwe abwino.  Ndipo, potsirizira pake, mphamvu zonse za kulenga za dziko zasungidwa kuti zikwaniritse chikhalidwe chake kudzera mu nyimbo. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti gawo la heuristic la maphunziro a maphunziro lipitiliza kukula. 

     Maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira cha maphunziro a nyimbo, monga momwe zasonyezera, zidakhala katemera wabwino wolimbana ndi kusasamala, kosayesedwa.  kusamutsa ku nthaka yathu zina  Mitundu yaku Western yamaphunziro anyimbo.

     Zikuoneka kuti pofuna kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe  kugwirizana ndi mayiko akunja, kuwombola zinachitikira pa maphunziro oimba, zingakhale bwino kulenga nyimbo mini-makalasi pa experimental maziko Mwachitsanzo, pa akazembe US ndi Germany ku Moscow (kapena mtundu wina). Aphunzitsi oimba oitanidwa ochokera m’mayikowa akhoza kusonyeza ubwino wake  American, German ndi ambiri  Maphunziro a Bologna. Padzakhala mipata yodziwana bwino  ndi njira zina zakunja (ndi matanthauzidwe awo) zophunzitsira nyimbo (njira  Dalcroze,  Kodaya, Carla Orfa, Suzuki, O'Connor,  Lingaliro la Gordon la maphunziro a nyimbo, "conversational solfege", pulogalamu ya "Simply music", njira ya M. Karabo-Kone ndi ena). Kukonzekera, mwachitsanzo, "mpumulo / maphunziro" kwa ophunzira a sukulu za nyimbo za ku Russia ndi zakunja - abwenzi, ku malo athu akumwera omwe angakhale othandiza kwa nyimbo ndi ana. Ubale wamtunduwu wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza paubwino wophunzirira zochitika zakunja (komanso kulimbikitsa zanu), zimapanga njira zosagwirizana ndi ndale zomwe zingathandize.   kuthandizira pakukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa Russia  ndi mayiko akumadzulo.

     Kudzipereka kwa gawo lalikulu la kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyimbo zaku Russia ku mfundo zoyambira maphunziro a nyimbo munthawi yapakatikati kumatha kupulumutsa nyimbo zaku Russia. Chowonadi ndi chakuti m'zaka 10-15 kugwa kwa anthu kumatha kuchitika m'dziko lathu. Kuchuluka kwa achinyamata aku Russia ku chuma cha dziko, sayansi ndi zaluso kudzatsika kwambiri. Malinga ndi zoneneratu zopanda chiyembekezo, pofika chaka cha 2030 chiwerengero cha anyamata ndi atsikana azaka 5-7 chidzachepa ndi pafupifupi 40% poyerekeza ndi masiku ano. Sukulu za nyimbo za ana zidzakhala zoyamba mu maphunziro a nyimbo kukumana ndi vutoli. Patapita nthawi yochepa, funde la "kulephera" kwa chiwerengero cha anthu lidzafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa maphunziro. Ngakhale ikutayika mochulukirachulukira, sukulu yanyimbo yaku Russia ikhoza ndipo iyenera kulipira izi popanga luso lake komanso  luso la woyimba aliyense wachinyamata.  Mwina,   Potsatira miyambo ya maphunziro a maphunziro, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse za gulu la nyimbo za dziko lathu  Mutha kukonza makina opezera diamondi zanyimbo ndikusintha kukhala diamondi.

     Conceptual (kapena mwina  ndi zothandiza) zokumana nazo poyembekezera kuchuluka kwa anthu mu malo oimba atha kukhala  zothandiza pothana ndi mavuto omwewo m'magawo odziwa zambiri, atsopano a chuma cha dziko la Russia.

     Ubwino wa kukonzekera  mu sukulu za nyimbo za ana zikhoza kuwonjezeka, kuphatikizapo kukhala ndi maphunziro otseguka kwa ophunzira olemekezeka kwambiri a sukulu za nyimbo za ana, mwachitsanzo, ku Russian Academy.  nyimbo zotchedwa Gnessins. Zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri nthawi zina  kutenga nawo mbali kwa aphunzitsi aku yunivesite ya nyimbo pophunzitsa oimba achichepere. M'malingaliro athu, malingaliro ena omwe angakhale othandiza angakhalenso  zafotokozedwa m’mbali yomaliza ya nkhaniyi.

     Kupenda momwe zinthu zilili mu maphunziro a ku Russia, tiyenera kuzindikira ndi chisoni  kuti pazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazi  mavuto atsopano ndi ntchito zokonzanso zidawonjezedwa ku zam'mbuyomu. Zinayamba nthawi yosinthira kuchoka ku chuma chomwe chinakonzedweratu kupita ku chuma chamsika chifukwa cha zovuta zanthawi yayitali.  Economic ndi superstructure zandale zadziko lathu,  ndipo anali   zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kudzipatula kwa dziko la Russia kumbali ya mayiko otsogola aku Western. Zovuta zotere zimaphatikizapo  kuchepetsa ndalama zothandizira maphunziro a nyimbo, mavuto odzipangira okha komanso  kulembedwa ntchito kwa oyimba, kutopa kochulukira, mphwayi,  kutayika pang'ono kwa chilakolako  ndi ena ena.

     Ndipo komabe, athu  cholowa chanyimbo, chokumana nacho chapadera pakukulitsa luso chimatilola kupikisana ndi chikoka padziko lapansi  gonjetsani nyimbo za "chitsulo chotchinga". Ndipo izi sizongowonjezera matalente aku Russia  mlengalenga wakumadzulo. Njira zapakhomo za maphunziro a nyimbo zikukhala zotchuka m'mayiko ena aku Asia, ngakhale ku Southeast Asia, kumene mpaka posachedwapa aliyense wa malowedwe athu, ngakhale chikhalidwe, analepheretsedwa ndi blocs asilikali ndi ndale SEATO ndi CENTO.

         Zokumana nazo zaku China pakukonzanso zikuyenera kuyang'aniridwa. Amadziwika ndi kusintha koganiziridwa bwino, kuphunzira zakunja, kuphatikiza Chirasha, zokumana nazo, kuwongolera mwamphamvu pakukhazikitsa mapulani, ndi njira zosinthira ndikuwongolera zosintha zomwe zayambika.

       Khama lalikulu limayikidwa  kuti asunge, momwe ndingathere, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chopangidwa ndi chitukuko chakale cha ku China.

     Lingaliro lachi China la maphunziro a nyimbo ndi zokometsera linazikidwa pa malingaliro a Confucius okhudza kumanga chikhalidwe cha mtundu, kuwongolera munthu, kulemerera kwauzimu, ndi kukulitsa makhalidwe abwino. Zolinga zakukhala ndi moyo wokangalika, kukonda dziko lako, kutsatira zikhalidwe, komanso kuzindikira ndi kukonda kukongola kwa dziko lotizungulira zimalengezedwanso.

     Mwa njira, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina, munthu akhoza, ndi kukayikira kwina, kuwunika chilengedwe chonse cha chiphunzitsocho (nthawi zambiri, chovomerezeka) cha katswiri wa zachuma wotchuka wa ku America Milton Friedman kuti "maiko olemera okha angakwanitse kusunga. chikhalidwe chotukuka.”

     Kusintha kwa maphunziro a nyimbo  mu PRC inayamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 80 pambuyo powonekera kuti ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa dziko kupita ku chuma cha msika, yopangidwa ndi kholo la kusintha kwa China Deng Xiaoping, idakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

     Kale mu 1979, pamsonkhano wa mabungwe apamwamba oimba ndi ophunzitsa ku China  adaganiza zoyamba kukonzekera kukonzanso. Mu 1980, "Plan for Training of Music Specialists for Higher Educational Institutions" idapangidwa (pakali pano, pali aphunzitsi pafupifupi 294 zikwi zikwi akatswiri oimba m'masukulu achi China, kuphatikizapo 179 zikwi m'masukulu a pulayimale, 87 zikwi kusukulu za sekondale ndi 27 zikwi. m'masukulu apamwamba a sekondale). Pa nthawi yomweyo, chigamulo anatengera pa kukonzekera ndi kufalitsa mabuku maphunziro (zapakhomo ndi kumasuliridwa kunja), kuphatikizapo nkhani za maphunziro nyimbo pedagogical. Munthawi yochepa, kafukufuku wamaphunziro adakonzedwa ndikusindikizidwa pamitu "Lingaliro la Maphunziro a Nyimbo" (wolemba Cao Li), "Mapangidwe a Nyimbo  maphunziro" (Liao Jiahua), "Maphunziro okongoletsa m'tsogolo" (Wang Yuequan),  "Introduction to Foreign Science of Music Education" (Wang Qinghua), "Music Education and Pedagogy" (Yu Wenwu). Mu 1986, msonkhano waukulu wa maphunziro a nyimbo ku China unachitika. Mabungwe okhudza maphunziro a nyimbo adakhazikitsidwa pasadakhale, kuphatikiza Music Education Research Council, Musicians Association for Music Education, Komiti Yophunzitsa Nyimbo, ndi zina zambiri.

     Kale panthawi yokonzanso, njira zinatengedwa kuti ziwone kulondola kwa maphunziro osankhidwa ndikusintha. Kotero, kokha mu 2004-2009 ku China  misonkhano anayi oyimilira ndi masemina pa maphunziro nyimbo zinachitika, kuphatikizapo atatu  International.

     Dongosolo la masukulu aku China lotchulidwa pamwambapa likunena zimenezo  Kusukulu ya pulayimale, kuyambira kalasi yoyamba mpaka yachinayi, maphunziro a nyimbo amachitika kawiri pa sabata, kuyambira kalasi yachisanu - kamodzi pa sabata. Maphunzirowa amaphunzitsa kuyimba, kutha kumvetsera nyimbo,  kuimba zida zoimbira (piyano, violin, chitoliro, saxophone, zida zoimbira), kuphunzira nyimbo zoimbira. Maphunziro a sukulu amaphatikizidwa ndi makalabu oimba m'nyumba zaupainiya, malo azikhalidwe ndi mabungwe ena a maphunziro owonjezera.

     Pali masukulu ambiri oimba a ana apadera komanso maphunziro ku China.  Pali njira yosavuta yotsegulira. Ndikokwanira kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba a nyimbo ndikupeza chilolezo cha ntchito zophunzitsa nyimbo. Komiti yoyesa mayeso m’sukulu zotero imapangidwa  ndi kutengapo mbali kwa oimira masukulu ena oimba. Mosiyana ndi zathu, sukulu za nyimbo za ana achi China zimakopa chidwi  mapulofesa ndi aphunzitsi ochokera ku mayunivesite ophunzirira ndi maphunziro. Izi ndi mwachitsanzo,  Jilin Institute of Arts Children's Art School ndi Liu Shikun Children's Center.

     Masukulu oimba amavomereza ana a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu (m'masukulu wamba achi China, maphunziro amayamba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi).

     M'mayunivesite ena achi China (maconservatories, tsopano alipo asanu ndi atatu)  Pali masukulu oimba a pulayimale ndi sekondale ophunzitsa kwambiri ana amphatso - zomwe zimatchedwa masukulu a 1st ndi 2nd level.  Anyamata ndi atsikana amasankhidwa kukaphunzira kumeneko atangokwanitsa zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mpikisano wololedwa kusukulu zanyimbo zapadera ndi waukulu, popeza  Izi -  njira yodalirika yokhala katswiri woimba. Akaloledwa, osati luso loimba lokha (kumvetsera, kukumbukira, kamvekedwe), komanso kugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi khama zimayesedwa -  makhalidwe omwe amakula kwambiri pakati pa Chinese.

     Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mlingo wa zida za mabungwe oimba omwe ali ndi njira zamakono ndi makompyuta ku China ndi amodzi mwapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi.

                                                          ZAKLU CHE NIE

     Kuwona zatsopano zatsopano mu  Maphunziro a nyimbo zaku Russia, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti kusintha kwadongosolo m'derali, kwakukulu, sikunachitike. Kudzudzula osintha athu kapena kuwathokoza chifukwa chopulumutsa dongosolo lamtengo wapatali?  Nthawi idzayankha funso ili. Akatswiri ena apakhomo amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino sichiyenera kusinthidwa nkomwe (chinthu chachikulu ndikusunga cholowa cha chikhalidwe ndikusataya oimba apamwamba). M'malingaliro awo, sizinali mwangozi kuti mphunzitsi wa Van Cliburn anali woimba waku Russia yemwe adaphunzitsidwa m'dziko lathu. Othandizira njira zazikulu amachoka kuzinthu zotsutsana ndi diametrically.  Kuchokera pamalingaliro awo, kukonzanso ndikofunikira, koma sikunayambe. Zomwe tikuwona ndi njira zodzikongoletsera.

      Izo zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti  kusamala kwambiri pakukonzanso  zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri za maphunziro a nyimbo, komanso  Kunyalanyaza ndi kunyalanyaza zofunikira za dziko kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chobwerera m'mbuyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yowonongeka yothetsera mavuto omwe timakumana nawo  oberegaet  (monga woyamba ku Italiya wosungirako zakale adachitapo) chiyani  chikhalidwe chathu.

     Akavalo amayesa kusintha mu 90s ndi  mawu osintha mopambanitsa ndi "kukokedwa" (kusiyana kodabwitsa bwanji ndi "kusintha kwa Kabalevsky"!)  adalowedwa m'malo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino ndi masitepe osamala kwambiri ofikira zolinga zomwezo. Zofunikira zikupangidwa  kugwirizanitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zokonzanso, kupeza mayankho ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana, kuonetsetsa kuti mbiri yakale ipitirire,  kukulitsa mosamalitsa dongosolo la maphunziro osiyanasiyana.

    Zotsatira za ntchito yambiri yomwe ikuchitika ku Russian Federation kuti agwirizane ndi nyimbo  magulu ku zenizeni zatsopano, m'malingaliro athu, sakudziwitsidwa mokwanira kwa gulu lanyimbo la dzikolo. Zotsatira zake, si onse omwe ali ndi chidwi - oimba, aphunzitsi, ophunzira -  chithunzithunzi chokwanira, chovuta chikuwonekera  za zolinga, mawonekedwe, njira ndi nthawi yakusintha kopitilira muyeso wa maphunziro a nyimbo, komanso chofunikira kwambiri - za vector yake…  Chododometsa sichikwanira.

    Kutengera kusanthula kwa masitepe othandiza pankhaniyi, titha, ndi kusungitsa kwina, kunena kuti  zambiri zikuyenera kuchitika. Zofunikira  Osati kokha  pitilizani zomwe zayambika, komanso yang'anani mwayi watsopano wowongolera makina omwe alipo.

      Zofunika kwambiri, m'malingaliro athu,  njira zosinthira m'tsogolomu  akhoza kukhala awa:

   1. Kuwongolera kozikidwa pakukula  boma  kukambirana kwa lingaliro ndi pulogalamu  kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo kwa nthawi yayitali komanso yayitali, poganizira zinachitikira zakunja.  Zingakhale bwino kuganizira  Zofunikira komanso malingaliro a nyimbo pawokha, mvetsetsani momwe mungawagwirizane ndi maubwenzi amsika.

     Mwina ndizomveka kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chaluntha, sayansi ndi kusanthula pakuphunzira zamalingaliro ndi zochitika zakusintha, kuphatikiza pakukhazikitsa koyenera.  misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Iwo akhoza kukonzedwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Valdai, komanso ku PRC (Ndinadabwa ndi mayendedwe, zovuta ndi kulongosola zakusintha), USA (chitsanzo chapamwamba cha ku Western innovation)  kapena ku Italy (kufunidwa kwa kukonzanso dongosolo la maphunziro ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, popeza kusintha kwa nyimbo zachiroma ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zopanda phindu komanso zochedwa).  Kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake  magulu onse a oimba pakukweza maphunziro a nyimbo.

      Udindo waukulu kwambiri kuposa kale pakukonzanso dongosolo la maphunziro  Oimba nyimbo za dziko lino, mabungwe aboma, Union of Composers, kuthekera kowunika kwa ma Conservatories, masukulu ophunzirira nyimbo ndi masukulu, komanso mautumiki ndi madipatimenti oyenera aku Russia akuitanidwa kuti azisewera,  Council pansi pa Purezidenti wa Russian Federation for Culture and Art, Center for Economics of Continuing Education of the Russian Academy of Economy and State University,  National Council for Contemporary Music Education, Scientific Council on the History of Music Education  ndi ena. Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya demokalase  zingakhale zothandiza kupanga  Russian  Association of Oimba pa nkhani za kusintha patsogolo maphunziro nyimbo (kuwonjezera posachedwapa analenga Scientific Council pa mavuto a maphunziro nyimbo).

   2. Fufuzani mwayi wothandizira ndalama zosintha mu gawo la nyimbo pazachuma cha msika. Zomwe zaku China zokopa osewera omwe si aboma zitha kukhala zothandiza pano.  magwero andalama.  Ndipo, zowona, sitingathe kuchita popanda chidziwitso cholemera cha dziko lotsogola lachikapitalist: United States. Pamapeto pake, sitinasankhebe kuchuluka kwa momwe tingadalire ndalama zothandizira ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe achifundo ndi zopereka zapadera. Ndipo kodi ndalama zochokera ku bajeti ya boma zingachepetsedwe mpaka pati?

     Zomwe zachitika ku America zawonetsa kuti panthawi yamavuto a 2007-2008, gawo lanyimbo la US lidavutika kwambiri kuposa ambiri.  magawo ena azachuma (ndipo izi ngakhale Purezidenti Obama adapereka nthawi imodzi $50 miliyoni kuti asunge ntchito  gawo la Art). Ndipo komabe, kusowa kwa ntchito pakati pa ojambula kunakula kawiri mofulumira monga mu chuma chonse. Mu 2008, ojambula 129 adachotsedwa ntchito ku United States. Ndi omwe sanathamangitsidwe  anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu, chifukwa ankalandira malipiro ochepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mapulogalamu olankhula. Mwachitsanzo, malipiro a oimba a imodzi mwa oimba oimba abwino kwambiri a ku America padziko lapansi, Cincinnati Symphony, adatsika ndi 2006% mu 11, ndipo Baltimore Opera Company inakakamizika kuyambitsa ndondomeko ya bankirapuse. Pa Broadway, oimba ena adavutika chifukwa nyimbo zamoyo zasinthidwa m'malo ndi nyimbo zojambulidwa.

       Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zachititsa kuti zinthu sizili bwino ku United States ndi ndalama zothandizira nyimbo zakhala kuchepa kwakukulu kwa gawo la ndalama za boma pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi: kuchokera ku 50% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimalandiridwa mu nyimbo. gawo mpaka 10% pakadali pano. Magwero achinsinsi opangira ndalama, omwe adavutika panthawi yamavuto, mwamwambo adatenga 40% yamankhwala onse azachuma. Kuyambira chiyambi cha mavuto  Katundu wa maziko achifundo adatsika ndi 20-45% munthawi yochepa. Ponena za magwero athu omwe amalandila ndalama (makamaka kuchokera kugulitsa matikiti ndi kutsatsa), gawo lomwe vuto lisanachitike linali pafupifupi 50%, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa ogula.  nawonso anachepa kwambiri.  Bruce Ridge, wapampando wa International Conference of Symphony ndi Opera Oimba, ndi anzake ambiri anayenera kukadandaula ku US Congress ndi pempho kuti achitepo kanthu kuti achepetse msonkho pa maziko achinsinsi. Mawu adayamba kumveka nthawi zambiri mokomera ndalama zomwe boma limapereka pantchitoyi.

    Choyamba kukula kwachuma, ndiyeno ndalama zachikhalidwe?

     3.  Kuwonjezera kutchuka kwa Russian  maphunziro a nyimbo, kuphatikizapo kuonjezera mlingo wa malipiro kwa oimba. Nkhani ya malipiro a aphunzitsi nayonso ndiyovuta. Makamaka mu nkhani  zovuta za ntchito zovuta zomwe amayenera kuthana nazo m'malo osapikisana (mwachitsanzo, mulingo wachitetezo  zothandizira ndi zida). Ganizirani za vuto lomwe likukulirakulira lolimbikitsa ophunzira "aang'ono" kuphunzira m'masukulu oimba a ana, 2% yokha.  (malinga ndi magwero ena, chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera pang'ono) chomwe amagwirizanitsa tsogolo lawo la ntchito ndi nyimbo!

      4. Kuthetsa vuto la chithandizo chothandizira maphunziro (maphunziro operekera mavidiyo ndi zida zomvera, malo oimba nyimbo,  MIDI zida). Konzani maphunziro ndi kubwereza  aphunzitsi a nyimbo mu "Kupanga nyimbo pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta", "Kupanga makompyuta", "Njira zophunzitsira luso logwira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu apakompyuta". Pa nthawi yomweyo, munthu ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti, pamene kuthetsa mavuto ambiri zothandiza maphunziro mwamsanga ndi mogwira mtima, kompyuta koma sangathe m'malo mwa chigawo kulenga mu ntchito ya woimba.

     Pangani pulogalamu yapakompyuta yophunzirira kuimba zida zosiyanasiyana zoimbira anthu olumala.

    5. Kulimbikitsa chidwi cha anthu mu nyimbo (kupanga "zofuna", zomwe, molingana ndi malamulo a msika, zidzalimbikitsa "zopereka" kuchokera kwa oimba nyimbo). Mlingo wa osati woimba yekha ndi wofunikira pano. Komanso zofunika  kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti apititse patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amamvera nyimbo, komanso anthu onse. Tiyeni tikukumbutseni kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi khalidwe la ana omwe adzatsegule chitseko cha sukulu ya nyimbo. Makamaka, zikanakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mchitidwe wogwiritsidwa ntchito mu sukulu ya nyimbo za ana athu, kuphatikizapo banja lonse kutenga nawo mbali pa maulendo, makalasi, ndi kukulitsa maluso m'banja kuti azindikire ntchito zaluso.

      6. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo ndi kuteteza "kuchepetsa" (khalidwe ndi kuchuluka) kwa omvera a maholo oimba nyimbo, zingakhale bwino kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo m'masukulu a pulayimale ndi sekondale. Sukulu za nyimbo za ana zitha kutengapo gawo pa izi (zokumana nazo, ogwira ntchito, makonsati ndi maphunziro a oimba achichepere).

     Poyambitsa maphunziro a nyimbo kusukulu za sekondale,  Ndikoyenera kuganizira zochitika zoipa za United States. Katswiri waku America Laura Chapman m'buku lake "Instant Art, Instant Culture" adafotokoza momwe zinthu ziliri.  ndi kuphunzitsa nyimbo m'masukulu wamba. Malingaliro ake, chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa aphunzitsi a nyimbo. Chapman amakhulupirira zimenezo  ndi 1% yokha ya makalasi onse okhudza nkhaniyi m'masukulu aboma ku US omwe amachitidwa pamlingo woyenera. Pali kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito. Ananenanso kuti 53% ya aku America sanalandire maphunziro aliwonse oimba ...

      7. Kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu  nyimbo zachikale, "kubweretsa" kwa "ogula" (makalabu, malo azikhalidwe, malo ochitirako konsati). Kutha kwa mkangano pakati pa nyimbo za "moyo" ndi kujambula kwa Goliati sikunafikebe. Bwezeraninso chizolowezi chakale chochitira ma concert ang'onoang'ono pabwalo  Maholo amakanema, m'mapaki, masiteshoni a metro, ndi zina zambiri. Malowa ndi ena amatha kukhala ndi zida zoimbira zomwe zingapangidwe, kuphatikiza ophunzira ochokera kusukulu zanyimbo za ana ndi omaliza maphunziro apamwamba. Chochitika choterocho chilipo mu sukulu ya nyimbo ya ana athu yotchedwa dzina lake. AM Ivanov-Kramsky. Zomwe zachitika ku Venezuela ndizosangalatsa, pomwe, mothandizidwa ndi boma ndi mabungwe aboma, gulu lanyimbo zapadziko lonse la ana ndi achinyamata zidapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi masauzande a achinyamata "mumsewu". Umu ndi momwe mbadwo wonse wa anthu okonda nyimbo unapangidwira. Vuto lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu linathetsedwanso.

     Kambiranani za kuthekera kopanga "mzinda wanyimbo" ku New Moscow kapena Adler ndi konsati yake, maphunziro, ndi zomangamanga za hotelo (zofanana ndi Silicon Valley, Las Vegas, Hollywood, Broadway, Montmartre).

      8. Kuyambitsa ntchito zatsopano komanso zoyesera  pofuna kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a nyimbo. Popanga chitukuko chapakhomo m'derali, kunali koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zaku China. Pali njira yodziwika bwino yomwe PRC idagwiritsa ntchito pochita kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 m'zaka zapitazi. Monga amadziwika,  Deng Xiaoping adayesa koyamba kusinthaku  m'gawo la chigawo chimodzi cha China (Sichuan). Ndipo pambuyo pake adasamutsa zomwe adapeza m'dziko lonselo.

      Njira yasayansi idagwiritsidwanso ntchito  pakusintha maphunziro a nyimbo ku China.   kotero,  M'masukulu onse apadera apamwamba a PRC, miyezo inakhazikitsidwa kuti aphunzitsi azigwira ntchito yofufuza.

      9. Kugwiritsa ntchito luso la wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi kuti popularize nyimbo, kulimbikitsa ntchito za ana nyimbo sukulu ndi zina nyimbo mabungwe maphunziro.

      10. Kulengedwa kwa sayansi yotchuka ndi  amaonetsa mafilimu amene amadzutsa chidwi ndi nyimbo.  Kupanga mafilimu za  Zosangalatsa zachilendo za oimba: Beethoven, Mozart, Segovia, Rimsky-Korsakov,  Borodino, Zimakov. Pangani filimu yowonetsera ana yonena za moyo wa sukulu ya nyimbo.

       11. Falitsani mabuku ambiri omwe angalimbikitse chidwi cha anthu pa nyimbo. Mphunzitsi wa sukulu ya nyimbo za ana anayesa kusindikiza buku lomwe lingathandize oimba achinyamata kukhala ndi maganizo okhudza nyimbo monga mbiri yakale. Bukhu limene lingapereke funso kwa wophunzira, yemwe amabwera poyamba mu dziko la nyimbo: luso la nyimbo kapena mbiri yakale? Kodi woyimba ndi womasulira kapena wopanga mbiri yakale? Tikuyesera kubweretsa kwa ophunzira a sukulu ya nyimbo za ana (mpaka pano sitinapambane) buku lolembedwa pamanja la zaka zaubwana za oimba otchuka padziko lapansi. Tayesera osati kumvetsetsa kokha  koyamba  chiyambi cha luso la oimba akuluakulu, komanso kusonyeza mbiri yakale ya nthawi yomwe "inabala" kwa katswiri. Chifukwa chiyani Beethoven anawuka?  Kodi Rimsky-Korsakov anapeza kuti nyimbo zabwino kwambiri?  Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo pazomwe zikuchitika ... 

       12. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma tchanelo ndi mwayi wodzizindikiritsa oimba achichepere (ma elevator). Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zoyendera alendo. Wonjezerani ndalama zake. Chisamaliro chokwanira chamakono ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la kudzidziwitsa, mwachitsanzo, ku Germany, zachititsa kuti mpikisano.  on  malo m'magulu oimba otchuka  wakula kambirimbiri pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi ndipo wafika pafupifupi anthu mazana awiri pampando uliwonse.

        13. Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yowunikira ana a sukulu za nyimbo. Track  mu magawo oyambirira, mphindi zatsopano mu malingaliro a ana a nyimbo, luso, komanso kuzindikira zizindikiro   maganizo abwino ndi oipa pa kuphunzira.

        14. Kukulitsa mwachangu ntchito yosunga mtendere ya nyimbo. Kuchuluka kwa nyimbo za apolitical, kusagwirizana kwake  kuchokera ku zofuna za ndale za olamulira a dziko amatumikira monga maziko abwino ogonjetsera mikangano yapadziko lapansi. Timakhulupirira kuti posachedwapa, mwa njira yachisinthiko kapena kupyolera  zoopsa, anthu adzazindikira kudalirana kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Njira yamakono yachitukuko chaumunthu idzalowa m'kuiwalika. Ndipo aliyense adzamvetsa  tanthawuzo lophiphiritsa la "butterfly effect", lomwe linapangidwa  Edward Lorenz, katswiri wa masamu waku America, wopanga  chiphunzitso chachisokonezo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti anthu onse amadalirana. Palibe boma  malire sangathe kutsimikizira dziko limodzi  chitetezo ku ziwopsezo zakunja (zankhondo, zachilengedwe…).  Malinga ndi Lorenz, zochitika zooneka ngati zazing'ono m'chigawo china cha dziko lapansi, monga "kamphepo kakang'ono" kakuwomba kwa mapiko a gulugufe kwinakwake ku Brazil, pansi pazifukwa zina, zidzachititsa chidwi.  ngati chigumukire  njira zomwe zidzatsogolera ku "mkuntho" ku Texas. Njira yothetsera vutoli imadzisonyeza yokha: anthu onse padziko lapansi ndi banja limodzi. Chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake ndi mtendere ndi kumvetsetsana. Nyimbo (osati zimangolimbikitsa moyo wa munthu aliyense), komanso zimatero  chida chosavuta chopangira maubale ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi.

     Lingalirani za uphungu wa kupereka lipoti la Club of Rome pa mutu wakuti: “Nyimbo monga mlatho pakati pa mayiko ndi zitukuko.”

        15. Nyimbo zitha kukhala malo achilengedwe ogwirizanitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wothandiza anthu. Gawo lothandizira anthu limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira yodziwika bwino yothanirana ndi mavuto ake. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chikhalidwe ndi nyimbo sizingakhale chida chovomerezeka chokha, komanso muyezo waukulu wa chowonadi cha vekitala ya kusintha.  mu zokambirana za anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

        Nyimbo ndi "wotsutsa" yemwe "amasonyeza" chinthu chosayenera osati mwachindunji, osati mwachindunji, koma mwachindunji, "kuchokera ku zosiyana" (monga masamu, umboni "mwa kutsutsa"; lat. "Contradictio in contrarium").  Wopenda zachikhalidwe wa ku Amereka Edmund B. Feldman ananena mbali iyi ya nyimbo: “Kodi tingawone motani kuipa ngati sitikudziŵa kukongola?

         16. Kukhazikitsa maubwenzi apamtima ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kunja. Sinthani zochitika nawo, pangani mapulojekiti ogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, zisudzo za gulu la okhestra zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera kwa oimba a zipembedzo zonse zazikulu padziko lonse zingakhale zomveka komanso zothandiza. Itha kutchedwa "Nyenyezi" kapena "Nyenyezi"  zipembedzo.”  Makonsati a orchestra imeneyi angafunike  pazochitika zapadziko lonse zomwe zimaperekedwa pokumbukira omwe adazunzidwa ndi zigawenga, zochitika zokonzedwa ndi UNESCO, komanso pamabwalo osiyanasiyana apadziko lonse lapansi.  Ntchito yofunikira ya gululi idzakhala kulimbikitsa malingaliro amtendere, kulolerana, chikhalidwe chamitundumitundu, ndipo patapita nthawi, mwinamwake, malingaliro a ecumenism ndi kuyanjana kwa zipembedzo.

          17.  Lingaliro lakusinthana kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa ophunzitsa mozungulira komanso mokhazikika ndi lamoyo ndipo lili bwino. Zingakhale zoyenera kujambula mafananidwe a mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, m’zaka za m’ma 18 ku Ulaya ndi ku Russia kunatchuka chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa aluntha. Tiyeni tikumbukire mfundo yakuti  Sukulu yoyamba ya nyimbo ku Russia ku Kremenchug (yopangidwa  chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, zofanana ndi zosungirako zinthu zakale) adatsogozedwa ndi woyimba nyimbo waku Italy komanso wochititsa Giuseppe Sarti, yemwe adagwira ntchito mdziko lathu kwa zaka pafupifupi XNUMX. Ndi abale a Carzelli  anatsegula sukulu za nyimbo ku Moscow, kuphatikizapo sukulu yoyamba ya nyimbo ku Russia ya serfs (1783).

          18. Chilengedwe mu umodzi mwa mizinda ya ku Russia  zomangamanga zochitira mpikisano wapadziko lonse wa osewera achichepere "Music of the Young World", wofanana ndi mpikisano wanyimbo wa Eurovision.

          19. Kutha kuwona tsogolo la nyimbo. Pazofuna chitukuko khola dziko ndi kukhalabe mkulu mlingo wa zoweta chikhalidwe nyimbo, chidwi kwambiri ayenera kuperekedwa kwa nthawi yaitali kukonzekera ndondomeko maphunziro, poganizira ananeneratu kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma ndi ndale m'tsogolo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri "lingaliro la maphunziro apamwamba" kudzachepetsa kuopsa kwa zoopseza zamkati ndi zakunja kwa chikhalidwe cha Russia. Konzekerani kugwa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Ilozeraninso dongosolo la maphunziro munthawi yake kuti pakhale akatswiri ambiri "anzeru".

     20. Zingaganizidwe kuti   chikoka cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo pakukula kwa nyimbo zachikale, zomwe zidadziwonetsera kwambiri m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zidzapitilira. Kulowa kwa luntha lochita kupanga mu gawo lazojambula kudzakulirakulira. Ndipo ngakhale nyimbo, makamaka nyimbo zachikale, zili ndi "chitetezero" chochuluka ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazatsopano, olemba adzalandirabe vuto lalikulu la "luntha". N’kutheka kuti pakulimbana kumeneku pabuka  Nyimbo Zam'tsogolo. Padzakhala malo ochepetsera kwambiri nyimbo zotchuka, ndi kubweretsa nyimbo pafupi ndi zosowa za munthu aliyense, kupanga nyimbo zosangalatsa, ndi kutchuka kwa mafashoni pa nyimbo.  Koma kwa okonda zojambulajambula ambiri, kukonda kwawo nyimbo zachikale kudzakhalabe. Ndipo imakhala msonkho ku mafashoni  hologor aph ice   chiwonetsero cha zomwe "zinachitika" ku Vienna kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18  zaka mazana ambiri  konsati yanyimbo za symphonic zoyendetsedwa ndi Beethoven!

      Kuyambira nyimbo za Etruscans mpaka phokoso la gawo latsopano. Msewu ndi woposa  kuposa zaka zikwi zitatu ...

          Tsamba latsopano m'mbiri ya dziko la nyimbo likutsegulidwa pamaso pathu. Zidzakhala zotani? Yankho la funsoli limadalira zinthu zambiri, ndipo koposa zonse pa chifuniro cha ndale chapamwamba, malo ogwira ntchito a oimba nyimbo ndi kudzipereka kopanda dyera.  aphunzitsi a nyimbo.

Mndandanda wa mabuku ogwiritsidwa ntchito

1. Miyambo ya Zenkin KV ndi ziyembekezo za maphunziro a Conservatory Postgraduate ku Russia malinga ndi lamulo la federal "On Education in the Russian Federation"; nvmosconsv.ru>wp- content/media/02_ Zenkin Konstantin 1.pdf.
2. Rapatskaya LA Music maphunziro ku Russia mu nkhani ya miyambo ya chikhalidwe. - "Bulletin of the International Academy of Sciences" (gawo la Russia), ISSN: 1819-5733/
3. Malonda  Maphunziro a nyimbo ku Russia yamakono: pakati pa dziko lonse lapansi ndi kudziwika kwa dziko // Munthu, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pazochitika za kudalirana kwa mayiko. Zida za International Science Conference., M., 2007.
4. Bidenko VI Multifaceted komanso mwadongosolo chikhalidwe cha Bologna. www.misis.ru/ Portals/O/UMO/Bidenko_multifaceted.pdf.
5. Orlov V. www.Academia.edu/8013345/Russia_Music_Education/Vladimir Orlov/Academia.
6. Dolgushina M.Yu. Nyimbo ngati chodabwitsa cha chikhalidwe chaukadaulo, https:// cyberleninka. Ru/article/v/muzika-kak-fenomen-hudozhestvennoy-kultury.
7. Pulogalamu yachitukuko cha maphunziro a nyimbo zaku Russia kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2020.natala.ukoz.ru/publ/stati/programmy/programma_razvitija_systemy_rossijskogo_muzykalnogo_obrazovaniya…
8. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ndi maphunziro: njira zatsopano zachitukuko. Zida za Msonkhano Wachiwiri Wadziko Lonse wa Sayansi ndi Wothandiza pa April 20-21, 2017, Yaroslavl, 2017, mwasayansi. Mkonzi. OV Bochkareva. https://conf.yspu.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/03/Muzikalnaya-kultura-i...
9. Tomchuk SA Mavuto amakono a maphunziro a nyimbo pakali pano. https://dokviewer.yandex.ru/view/0/.
10. Nyimbo zaku United States 2007. Schools-wikipedia/wp/m/Music_of_the_United_States. Htm.
11. Kuyang'anira Kumvera pa Maphunziro a Art. Kumva pamaso pa Komiti Yaikulu ya Maphunziro a Elementary, Secondary and Vocational ya Komiti ya Maphunziro ndi Ntchito. Nyumba ya Oyimilira, Congress ya makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu, Gawo Lachiwiri (February 28, 1984). Congress of the US, Washington, DC, US; Ofesi Yosindikizira Yaboma, Washington, 1984.
12. Miyezo Yadziko Lonse ya Maphunziro a Nyimbo. http://musicstandfoundation.org/images/National_Standarts_ _-_Music Education.pdf.

       13. Mawu a Bill March 7, 2002; Msonkhano wa 107 wa 2d H.CON.RES.343: Kufotokozera                 malingaliro a Congress akuthandizira Maphunziro a Nyimbo ndi Nyimbo mu Mwezi wa Sukulu Zathu; Nyumba ya       Oimira.

14. "Fuko Lili Pachiopsezo: Chofunika Kwambiri pa Kusintha kwa Maphunziro". The National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Report to the Nation ndi Secretary of Education, US Department of Education, April 1983 https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CUPM/ first_40 years/1983-Risk.pdf.

15. Elliot Eisner  "Udindo wa Zojambula Pakuphunzitsa Mwana Wonse, GIA Reader,vol12  N3 (Fall 2001) www/giarts.org/ article/Elliot-w- Eisner-role-arts-educating...

16. Liu Jing, ndondomeko ya boma la China pankhani ya maphunziro a nyimbo. Maphunziro a nyimbo ndi zaluso mu mawonekedwe ake amakono: miyambo ndi zatsopano. Kusonkhanitsa zipangizo za International Science Science and Practical Conference of the Taganrog Institute yotchedwa AP Chekhov (nthambi) ya Rostov State Economic University (RINH), Taganrog, April 14, 2017.  Files.tgpi.ru/nauka/publictions/2017/2017_03.pdf.

17. Yang Bohua  Maphunziro a nyimbo m'masukulu a sekondale amakono a China, www.dissercat.com/…/muzykalnoe...

18. Pitani Meng  Kukula kwa maphunziro apamwamba a nyimbo ku China (theka lachiwiri lazaka za 2012 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, XNUMX, https://cyberberleninka.ru/…/razvitie-vysshego...

19. Hua Xianyu  Maphunziro a nyimbo ku China/   https://cyberleniika.ru/article/n/sistema-muzykalnogo-obrazovaniya-v-kitae.

20. Zotsatira za Economic and Employment Impact of Arts and Music Industry,  Kumva pamaso pa Komiti ya Maphunziro ndi Ntchito, Nyumba ya Oyimilira ya US, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, gawo loyamba. Wash.DC, Marichi 26,2009.

21. Ermilova AS Maphunziro a nyimbo ku Germany. htts:// infourok.ru/ issledovatelskaya-rabota-muzikalnoe-obrazovanie-v-germanii-784857.html.