Richard Wagner |

Richard wagner

R. Wagner ndi wolemba wamkulu wa ku Germany wa zaka za m'ma 1834, yemwe adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha nyimbo za chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, komanso chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse lapansi. Wagner sanalandire maphunziro mwadongosolo nyimbo, ndi chitukuko chake monga katswiri wa nyimbo ndi motsimikiza ayenera yekha. Poyerekeza koyambirira, zokonda za wolemba nyimboyo, zomwe zidakhazikika pamtundu wanyimbo, zidawonekera. Kuyambira pachiyambi chake, sewero lachikondi la The Fairies (1882), mpaka sewero lachinsinsi la nyimbo la Parsifal (XNUMX), Wagner adakhalabe wochirikiza kwambiri bwalo lanyimbo lalikulu, lomwe chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake zidasinthidwa ndikupangidwanso.

Poyamba, Wagner sanaganize za kukonzanso opera - adatsatira miyambo yokhazikitsidwa ya nyimbo, adafuna kuti adziwe kupambana kwa omwe adamutsogolera. Ngati mu "Fairies" nyimbo zachikondi za ku Germany, zomwe zimaperekedwa mwaluso kwambiri ndi "The Magic Shooter" ndi KM Weber, zidakhala chitsanzo, ndiye mu opera "Chikondi Choletsedwa" (1836) adatsogoleredwa kwambiri ndi miyambo ya zisudzo zachi French. . Komabe, ntchito zoyambirirazi sizinamulepheretse kuzindikira - Wagner adatsogolera zaka zimenezo moyo wovuta wa woimba wa zisudzo, akuyendayenda m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Ulaya. Kwa nthawi ndithu iye anagwira ntchito mu Russia, mu zisudzo German mumzinda wa Riga (1837-39). Koma Wagner ... monga ambiri a m'nthawi yake, adakopeka ndi likulu la chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya panthawiyo, lomwe panthawiyo linkadziwika kuti Paris. Chiyembekezo chowala cha wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo chinazimiririka pamene anakumana ndi zenizeni zosaoneka bwino ndipo anakakamizika kutsogolera moyo wa woimba wakunja wosauka, akukhala ndi ntchito zosamvetsetseka. Kusintha kwabwinoko kudabwera mu 1842, pomwe adaitanidwa kuudindo wa Kapellmeister panyumba yodziwika bwino ya zisudzo ku likulu la Saxony - Dresden. Wagner adakhala ndi mwayi wofotokozera nyimbo zake kwa omvera, ndipo sewero lake lachitatu, Rienzi (1840), adadziwika kwamuyaya. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza French Grand Opera idakhala chitsanzo cha ntchitoyi, oimira odziwika kwambiri omwe anali ambuye odziwika G. Spontini ndi J. Meyerbeer. Kuonjezera apo, woimbayo anali ndi ziwonetsero zamphamvu kwambiri - oimba monga tenor J. Tihachek ndi woimba wamkulu V. Schroeder-Devrient, yemwe adadziwika mu nthawi yake monga Leonora mu L. Beethoven yekha opera Fidelio, anachita. mu zisudzo zake.

Ma opera atatu oyandikana ndi nthawi ya Dresden amafanana kwambiri. Kotero, mu Flying Dutchman (3), yomwe inamalizidwa madzulo a kusamukira ku Dresden, imakhala ndi moyo nthano yakale ya woyenda panyanja yotembereredwa chifukwa cha nkhanza zam'mbuyomu, zomwe zingathe kupulumutsidwa ndi chikondi chodzipereka ndi choyera. Mu opera ya Tannhäuser (1841), wolemba nyimboyo adatembenukira ku nthano yanthawi zakale ya woimba wa Minnesinger, yemwe adakondedwa ndi mulungu wamkazi wachikunja Venus, koma chifukwa cha izi adatembereredwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma. Ndipo potsiriza, ku Lohengrin (1845) - mwinamwake wotchuka kwambiri wa Wagner's operas - msilikali wowala akuwonekera yemwe adatsikira padziko lapansi kuchokera kumalo okhala kumwamba - Grail woyera, m'dzina la kumenyana ndi zoipa, miseche ndi chisalungamo.

M'maseŵerawa, wolembayo adakali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya chikondi - ngwazi zake zimang'ambika ndi zolinga zotsutsana, pamene umphumphu ndi chiyero zimatsutsana ndi uchimo wa zilakolako zapadziko lapansi, kudalirana kopanda malire - chinyengo ndi chiwembu. Kuchedwa kwa nkhaniyo kumagwirizanitsidwanso ndi chikondi, pamene sizinthu zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri, koma malingaliro omwe amadzutsa mu moyo wa ngwazi ya nyimbo. Ichi ndiye gwero la gawo lofunika kwambiri la ma monologues ndi zokambirana za ochita sewero, kuwonetsa kulimbana kwamkati kwa zokhumba zawo ndi zolinga zawo, mtundu wa "dialectics of the soul" wa umunthu wapadera waumunthu.

Koma ngakhale m’zaka za ntchito ya m’bwalo lamilandu, Wagner anali ndi malingaliro atsopano. Chilimbikitso pakukhazikitsa kwawo chinali kusintha komwe kudachitika m'maiko angapo aku Europe mu 1848 ndipo sikunadutse Saxony. Ku Dresden kunachitika zipolowe zotsutsana ndi boma la monarchy, motsogozedwa ndi bwenzi la Wagner, wotsutsa ku Russia M. Bakunin. Ndi chikhumbo chake khalidwe, Wagner anatenga mbali mu kuwukira ndipo, pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, anakakamizika kuthawira ku Switzerland. Nthawi yovuta inayamba mu moyo wa wolemba, koma yopindulitsa kwambiri pa ntchito yake.

Wagner adaganizanso ndikumvetsetsa zaluso zake, komanso, adapanga ntchito zazikuluzikulu zomwe, m'malingaliro ake, zojambulajambula zidakumana nazo m'mabuku angapo aukadaulo (pakati pawo, buku la Opera ndi Drama - 1851 ndilofunika kwambiri). Anaphatikizapo malingaliro ake mu tetralogy yaikulu "Ring of the Nibelungen" - ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake.

Maziko a chilengedwe chachikulu, chomwe chimakhala ndi madzulo 4 owonetsera motsatizana, chinali ndi nthano ndi nthano zakale zachikunja - German Nibelungenlied, sagas ya Scandinavia yomwe inaphatikizidwa mu Mkulu ndi Wamng'ono Edda. Koma nthano zachikunja ndi milungu yake ndi ngwazi zinakhala kwa wolemba nyimboyo njira yodziwira ndi kusanthula mwaluso mavuto ndi zotsutsana za zenizeni zamasiku ano za bourgeois.

Zomwe zili mu tetralogy, zomwe zimaphatikizapo sewero lanyimbo la The Rhine Gold (1854), The Valkyrie (1856), Siegfried (1871) ndi The Death of the Gods (1874), ndizochuluka kwambiri - ma opera ali ndi anthu ambiri omwe amalowa nawo. maubwenzi ovuta, nthawi zina ngakhale mukulimbana kwankhanza, kosasunthika. Pakati pawo pali woipa wa Nibelung dwarf Alberich, amene amaba chuma cha golide kwa ana aakazi a Rhine; mwini chuma, amene anakwanitsa kupanga mphete, analonjezedwa mphamvu pa dziko. Alberich amatsutsidwa ndi mulungu wowala Wotan, yemwe mphamvu zake zonse ndi zonyenga - iye ndi kapolo wa mapangano omwe iye mwiniyo adamaliza, pomwe ulamuliro wake umachokera. Atatenga mphete ya golidi kuchokera ku Nibelung, amabweretsa temberero loopsya pa iye yekha ndi banja lake, kumene ngwazi yachivundi yokhayo yomwe ilibe ngongole ingamupulumutse. Mdzukulu wake yemwe, Siegfried wosavuta komanso wopanda mantha, amakhala ngwazi yotere. Amagonjetsa chinjoka choopsa Fafner, amatenga mphete yosilira, amadzutsa msilikali wankhondo wakugona Brunhilde, atazunguliridwa ndi nyanja yamoto, koma amafa, ophedwa mwankhanza ndi chinyengo. Limodzi ndi iye, dziko lakale, kumene chinyengo, kudzikonda ndi kupanda chilungamo kunkalamulira, likufanso.

Dongosolo lalikulu la Wagner lidafuna njira zatsopano, zosamveka kale, kukonzanso kwatsopano kwa magwiridwe antchito. Wopekayo anangotsala pang'ono kusiya kamangidwe ka manambala komwe kanadziwika kale - kuchokera ku ma arias athunthu, makwaya, magulu oimba. M'malo mwake, amamveketsa ma monologues ndi zokambirana za otchulidwa, zomwe zidayikidwa munyimbo yosatha. Nyimbo zotakataka zidaphatikizidwa mwa iwo ndi kulengeza m'mawu amtundu watsopano, momwe cantilena yoyimba komanso mawonekedwe okopa amawu adaphatikizidwa mosamvetsetseka.

Mbali yaikulu ya kusintha kwa opera ya Wagnerian ikugwirizana ndi ntchito yapadera ya oimba. Iye samangokhalira kuchirikiza nyimbo ya mawu, koma amatsogolera mzere wake, nthawi zina ngakhale kulankhula patsogolo. Komanso, gulu la oimba limakhala lotengera tanthauzo la zochitikazo - ndimo momwe mitu yayikulu yanyimbo nthawi zambiri imamveka - ma leitmotifs omwe amakhala chizindikiro cha otchulidwa, zochitika, komanso malingaliro osamveka. The leitmotifs bwino kusintha kwa wina ndi mzake, kuphatikiza mu nthawi yomweyo phokoso, mosalekeza kusintha, koma nthawi iliyonse iwo anazindikira ndi womvera, amene mwamphamvu anadziwa tanthauzo semantic anapatsidwa kwa ife. Pamlingo wokulirapo, sewero lanyimbo la Wagnerian limagawidwa m'ziwonetsero zotalikirana, zomwe zimakhala ndi mafunde ambiri amalingaliro, kukwera ndi kugwa kwazovuta.

Wagner adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lake lalikulu mzaka zakusamuka ku Switzerland. Koma zosatheka wathunthu kuona pa siteji zipatso za titanic wake, mphamvu zosayerekezeka ndi ntchito mosatopa anathyola ngakhale wantchito wamkulu - zikuchokera tetralogy anasokonezedwa kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo kupotoza kosayembekezeka kwa tsoka - kuthandizira kwa mfumu ya Bavarian Ludwig inapumira mphamvu zatsopano mwa woimbayo ndikumuthandiza kumaliza, mwinamwake chilengedwe chachikulu kwambiri cha luso la nyimbo, chomwe chinali chifukwa cha khama la munthu mmodzi. Kuti awonetse tetralogy, bwalo lamasewera lapadera linamangidwa mumzinda wa Bavaria wa Bayreuth, kumene tetralogy yonse inayamba kuchitidwa mu 1876 monga momwe Wagner ankafunira.

Kuphatikiza pa mphete ya Nibelung, Wagner adalenga mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 3. 1859 ntchito zina zazikulu. Iyi ndi opera "Tristan ndi Isolde" (1867) - nyimbo yosangalatsa ya chikondi chamuyaya, yoyimbidwa m'nthano zakale, zokhala ndi zochitika zosokoneza, zodzaza ndi lingaliro la kusapeŵeka kwa zotsatira zakupha. Ndipo pamodzi ndi ntchito yoteroyo yomizidwa mumdima, kuwala kowoneka bwino kwa chikondwerero cha anthu chomwe chinaveketsa opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers (1882), kumene pampikisano wotseguka wa oimba oyenerera kwambiri, odziwika ndi mphatso yeniyeni, amapambana, ndi kudzikonda. -kukhutitsidwa ndi kupusa kwapang'onopang'ono kumachitidwa manyazi. Ndipo pomaliza, cholengedwa chomaliza cha mbuye - "Parsifal" (XNUMX) - kuyesa kuyimba nyimbo komanso kuyimira chiwonetsero cha ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe mphamvu zowoneka ngati zosagonjetseka za zoyipa zidagonjetsedwa ndipo nzeru, chilungamo ndi chiyero zidalamulira.

Wagner adakhala ndi mwayi wapadera kwambiri panyimbo zaku Europe zazaka za zana la XNUMX - ndizovuta kutchula wopeka yemwe sakanakhudzidwa ndi iye. Zomwe Wagner adapeza zidakhudza chitukuko cha zisudzo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. - olemba adaphunzira kuchokera kwa iwo maphunziro, koma kenako adasuntha m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zosiyana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi woimba wamkulu wa ku Germany.

M. Tarakanov

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Wagner →
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• Chikondwerero cha Bayreuth →
• Mndandanda wa ntchito za Wagner →

Mtengo wa Wagner m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapadziko lonse. Chithunzi chake chamalingaliro ndi kulenga

Wagner ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri ojambula bwino omwe ntchito yawo idakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha dziko. Luso lake linali la chilengedwe chonse: Wagner adadziwika osati monga mlembi wa zolengedwa zodziwika bwino za nyimbo, komanso monga wotsogolera wodabwitsa, yemwe, pamodzi ndi Berlioz, anali woyambitsa luso lamakono loyendetsa; iye anali waluso wolemba ndakatulo-wolemba sewero - mlengi wa libretto wa zisudzo zake - ndi luso publicist, theorist wa zisudzo nyimbo. Zochita zosunthika zotere, zophatikizidwa ndi mphamvu zowotcha komanso chifuno champhamvu pofotokoza mfundo zake zaluso, zidakopa chidwi chambiri pa umunthu wa Wagner ndi nyimbo zake: zomwe adachita pamalingaliro ndi kulenga kwake zidadzutsa mkangano woopsa panthawi yonse ya moyo wa wolemba nyimboyo komanso pambuyo pa imfa yake. Sanachepetse mpaka lero.

"Monga wolemba nyimbo," anatero PI Tchaikovsky, "Wagner mosakayikira ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ochititsa chidwi kwambiri mu theka lachiwiri la izi (ndiko kuti, XIX. - MD) kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo chisonkhezero chake pa nyimbo n’chachikulu.” Chikoka ichi chinali chamitundumitundu: sichinafalikire kokha ku bwalo lanyimbo, kumene Wagner ankagwira ntchito kwambiri monga mlembi wa zisudzo khumi ndi zitatu, komanso njira zowonetsera luso la nyimbo; Kuthandizira kwa Wagner ku gawo la symphonism ya pulogalamu nakonso ndikofunikira.

"... Ndiwabwino ngati wopeka zisudzo," adatero NA Rimsky-Korsakov. AN Serov analemba kuti: “Maseŵero ake a zisudzo, . . . "Iye anali ndi mphatso yaikulu ya ndakatulo, zilandiridwenso zamphamvu, malingaliro ake anali ochuluka, zochita zake zinali zamphamvu, luso lake laluso linali lalikulu ..." - umu ndi momwe VV Stasov adawonetsera mbali zabwino kwambiri za luso la Wagner. Nyimbo za wolemba wodabwitsa uyu, malinga ndi Serov, adatsegula "zosadziwika, zopanda malire" muzojambula.

Kupereka ulemu kwa katswiri wa Wagner, kulimba mtima kwake ngati wojambula wotsogola, otsogola a nyimbo zaku Russia (makamaka Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Stasov) adadzudzula zina mwazomwe zimachitika pantchito yake zomwe zidasokoneza ntchito zachiwonetsero chenicheni cha moyo. Mfundo zaluso za Wagner, malingaliro ake okongola monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku zisudzo zanyimbo adatsutsidwa kwambiri. Tchaikovsky adanena izi mwachidule komanso moyenera: "Ngakhale ndikusilira wolemba nyimboyo, sindikumvera chisoni kwambiri zomwe ndi chipembedzo cha Wagnerian." Malingaliro okondedwa a Wagner, zithunzi za ntchito yake yoimba, ndi njira zowonetsera nyimbo zawo zinatsutsananso.

Komabe, pamodzi ndi kutsutsa koyenerera, kulimbirana kowopsa kwa kudziŵika kwa dziko Russian nyimbo zisudzo zosiyana kwambiri ndi German luso la opaleshoni, nthawi zina limayambitsa kuweruza kokondera. Pachifukwa ichi, MP Mussorgsky ananena momveka bwino kuti: "Nthawi zambiri timakalipira Wagner, ndipo Wagner ndi wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu chifukwa amamva luso ndikuchikoka ...".

Kulimbana kowawa kwambiri kudabuka kuzungulira dzina ndi chifukwa cha Wagner kumayiko akunja. Pamodzi ndi mafani chidwi amene ankakhulupirira kuti kuyambira tsopano zisudzo ayenera kukhala pa njira Wagnerian okha, panalinso oimba amene anakana kwathunthu maganizo ndi luso mtengo wa ntchito Wagner, anaona mu chikoka chake kokha zotsatira zovulaza za kusinthika kwa luso nyimbo. A Wagnerian ndi adani awo adayima m'malo audani kwambiri. Pofotokoza malingaliro ndi malingaliro abwino nthawi zina, amasokoneza mafunso awa ndi kuwunika kwawo kokondera m'malo mowathandiza kuwathetsa. Malingaliro owopsa ngati amenewa sanagawidwe ndi olemba akulu akunja azaka za m'ma XNUMX - Verdi, Bizet, Brahms - koma ngakhale iwo, pozindikira luso la Wagner paluso, sanavomereze chilichonse munyimbo zake.

Ntchito ya Wagner inayambitsa kuwunika kosagwirizana, chifukwa osati ntchito zake zambiri, komanso umunthu wa wolemba nyimboyo unang'ambika ndi zotsutsana kwambiri. Mwa kutulutsa mbali imodzi ya mbali ya chifaniziro chovuta cha Mlengi ndi munthu, otetezera, komanso otsutsa a Wagner, anapereka lingaliro lolakwika la kufunika kwake m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha dziko. Kuti adziwe bwino tanthauzo ili, munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa umunthu ndi moyo wa Wagner muzovuta zawo zonse.

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Awiri mfundo zotsutsana amadziwika Wagner. Kumbali ina, izi ndi zotsutsana pakati pa malingaliro a dziko ndi zilandiridwenso. Inde, munthu sangakane kugwirizana komwe kunalipo pakati pawo, koma ntchitoyo wopanga Wagner sanagwirizane ndi zochitika za Wagner - wochuluka wolemba-publicist, amene anafotokoza maganizo ambiri okhudza ndale ndi chipembedzo, makamaka m’nthawi yomaliza ya moyo wake. Kumbali inayi, malingaliro ake okongoletsa komanso azandale amatsutsana kwambiri. Wopanduka wopanduka, Wagner adabwera kale pakusintha kwa 1848-1849 ndi malingaliro osokonezeka kwambiri. Zinakhala choncho ngakhale m'zaka za kugonjetsedwa kwa kusintha, pamene maganizo otsutsa adasokoneza chidziwitso cha woimbayo ndi poizoni wamaganizo, adayambitsa maganizo a subjectivist, ndipo adayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro a dziko-chauvinist kapena atsogoleri achipembedzo. Zonsezi sizikanatha kuwonetsedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zotsutsana za kusaka kwake kwamalingaliro ndi zaluso.

Koma Wagner ndi wamkulu kwenikweni mu izi, ngakhale kudzipereka malingaliro awo okhudzidwa, ngakhale kusakhazikika kwawo kwamalingaliro, moyenera kuwonetsera mu luso lazojambula zinthu zofunika zenizeni, zovumbulutsidwa - mophiphiritsira, mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira - zotsutsana za moyo, zotsutsa dziko lachikapitalist la mabodza ndi chinyengo, kuwululira sewero la zilakolako zazikulu zauzimu, zikhumbo zamphamvu za chimwemwe ndi zosakwaniritsidwa zamwamuna. , ziyembekezo zosweka. Palibe wolemba m'modzi wanthawi ya pambuyo pa Beethoven kumayiko akunja azaka za zana la XNUMX yemwe adakwanitsa kudzutsa zovuta zazikulu zoyaka nthawi yathu monga Wagner. Choncho, anakhala “wolamulira maganizo” a mibadwo ingapo, ndipo ntchito yake inatengera mavuto aakulu, osangalatsa a chikhalidwe chamakono.

Wagner sanapereke yankho lomveka bwino la mafunso ofunika kwambiri omwe anafunsa, koma ubwino wake wa mbiri yakale uli pa mfundo yakuti iye anawafunsa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Anatha kuchita zimenezi chifukwa chakuti analoŵerera m’zochita zake zonse ndi chidani champhamvu, chosathetsedwa cha kuponderezedwa kwa chikapitalist. Chilichonse chomwe adafotokoza m'nkhani zongopeka, malingaliro aliwonse andale omwe adawateteza, Wagner muntchito yake yoyimba nthawi zonse anali kumbali ya iwo omwe anali kuyang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kuti atsimikizire mfundo yapamwamba komanso yaumunthu m'moyo, motsutsana ndi omwe anali. kugwa m'dambo. moyo wabwino wa petty-bourgeois ndi kudzikonda. Ndipo, mwinamwake, palibe wina aliyense amene wapambana ndi luso lokopa ndi kukakamiza kusonyeza tsoka la moyo wamakono, wodetsedwa ndi chitukuko cha bourgeois.

Kutchulidwa kotsutsana ndi capitalist kumapangitsa ntchito ya Wagner kukhala yofunikira kwambiri, ngakhale adalephera kumvetsetsa zovuta zonse zomwe adawonetsa.

Wagner ndiye wojambula wamkulu womaliza wachikondi wazaka za 1848. Malingaliro achikondi, mitu, zithunzi zidakhazikika m'ntchito yake m'zaka zachisinthiko; iwo anapangidwa ndi iye pambuyo pake. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa XNUMX, ambiri mwa olemba odziwika bwino, motengera chikhalidwe chatsopano, chifukwa chakuwonekera kwambiri kwa zotsutsana zamagulu, adasinthira mitu ina, adasinthira kuzinthu zenizeni pakulemba kwawo (chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha uyu ndi Verdi). Koma Wagner anakhalabe wachikondi, ngakhale kuti kusagwirizana kwake kwachibadwa kunasonyezedwanso kuti pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za ntchito yake, mawonekedwe a zenizeni, ndiye, m'malo mwake, amawonekera mwachikondi kwambiri.

Kudzipereka kumeneku ku mutu wachikondi ndi njira zowonetserako zinamuika iye pamalo apadera pakati pa ambiri a m'nthaŵi yake. Makhalidwe aumunthu a Wagner, osakhutitsidwa kwamuyaya, osakhazikika, nawonso amakhudzidwa.

Moyo wake uli wodzaza ndi zokwera ndi zotsika zachilendo, zilakolako ndi nthawi za kuthedwa nzeru kopanda malire. Ndinafunika kuthana ndi zopinga zosawerengeka kuti ndipititse patsogolo malingaliro anga atsopano. Zaka, nthawi zina zaka zambiri, zinkadutsa asanamve nyimbo zake zambirimbiri. Zinali zofunikira kukhala ndi ludzu losatha la kulenga kuti agwire ntchito m'mikhalidwe yovutayi monga momwe Wagner anagwirira ntchito. Kutumikira zojambulajambula kunali kolimbikitsa kwambiri pa moyo wake. ("Sindilipo kuti ndipeze ndalama, koma kuti ndipange," adatero Wagner monyadira). Ichi ndichifukwa chake, ngakhale zolakwa zankhanza zamalingaliro ndi kuwonongeka, kudalira miyambo yopita patsogolo ya nyimbo za ku Germany, adapeza zotsatira zaluso: kutsatira Beethoven, adayimba kulimba mtima kwa anthu, monga Bach, ndi chuma chodabwitsa cha mithunzi, adawulula. dziko la zokumana nazo zauzimu zaumunthu ndipo, potsatira njira ya Weber, yophatikizidwa mu nyimbo zithunzi za nthano ndi nthano za anthu aku Germany, adapanga zithunzi zabwino kwambiri za chilengedwe. Mayankho osiyanasiyana amalingaliro ndi zojambulajambula komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwaukadaulo ndizomwe zimagwira ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Richard Wagner.

Mitu, zithunzi ndi ziwembu za ma opera a Wagner. Mfundo za sewero lanyimbo. Makhalidwe a chinenero cha nyimbo

Wagner monga wojambula adapanga mawonekedwe muzotukuka za chikhalidwe cha Germany chisanachitike. M'zaka izi, sanangopanga mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso kufotokoza njira zosinthira zisudzo zanyimbo, komanso adafotokozanso kuzungulira kwa zithunzi ndi ziwembu pafupi ndi iye. Munali m'ma 40s, nthawi imodzi ndi Tannhäuser ndi Lohengrin, kuti Wagner adaganizira za mapulani a masewera onse omwe adagwira nawo zaka makumi angapo zotsatira. (Kupatulapo ndi Tristan ndi Parsifal, lingaliro lomwe linakhwima m'zaka za kugonjetsedwa kwa kusinthaku; izi zikufotokozera mphamvu yamphamvu ya maganizo opanda chiyembekezo kuposa ntchito zina.). Iye makamaka anajambula mfundo za ntchito zimenezi kuchokera ku nthano ndi nthano za anthu. Komabe, zomwe anali nazo zinali kumutumikira original mfundo yodziyimira payokha, osati chodalira cholinga. Pofuna kugogomezera malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe ali pafupi ndi masiku ano, Wagner adayika magwero andakatulo a anthu kuti azisinthidwa kwaulere, kuwasintha kukhala amakono, chifukwa, iye anati, mbadwo uliwonse wa mbiri yakale ukhoza kupeza nthano. lake mutu. Lingaliro la luso muyeso ndi mwanzeru anampereka iye pamene maganizo subjectivist anapambana cholinga tanthauzo la nthano wowerengeka, koma nthawi zambiri, pamene masiku ano ziwembu ndi zithunzi, wopeka anatha kusunga choonadi chofunika cha ndakatulo wowerengeka. Kusakaniza kwa zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri za Wagnerian dramaturgy, mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake. Komabe, kutanthauza epic ziwembu ndi zithunzi, Wagner anakokera kwa iwo mwangwiro maganizo kutanthauzira - izi, zinayambitsa kulimbana kotsutsana kwambiri pakati pa mfundo za "Siegfriedian" ndi "Tristanian" mu ntchito yake.

Wagner anatembenukira ku nthano zakale ndi zithunzi zopeka chifukwa adapezamo ziwembu zazikulu zomvetsa chisoni. Iye analibe chidwi ndi zochitika zenizeni zakale zakutali kapena mbiri yakale, ngakhale apa adapindula zambiri, makamaka mu The Nuremberg Mastersingers, momwe zizoloŵezi zenizeni zinali zowonekera kwambiri. Koma koposa zonse, Wagner ankafuna kusonyeza sewero maganizo a anthu amphamvu. Kulimbana kwamakono kwachisangalalo nthawi zonse amakhala m'mafano ndi ziwembu zosiyanasiyana za zisudzo zake. Uyu ndi Flying Dutchman, wotsogozedwa ndi tsoka, wozunzidwa ndi chikumbumtima, akulota mwachidwi mtendere; uyu ndi Tannhäuser, wosweka ndi chilakolako chotsutsana cha zosangalatsa za thupi ndi moyo wamakhalidwe abwino, wankhanza; uyu ndi Lohengrin, wokanidwa, wosamvetsetseka ndi anthu.

Kulimbana ndi moyo m'malingaliro a Wagner kuli ndi zomvetsa chisoni. Chilakolako chimayaka Tristan ndi Isolde; Elsa (ku Lohengrin) amwalira, akuphwanya lamulo la wokondedwa wake. Zomvetsa chisoni ndi munthu wosagwira ntchito wa Wotan, yemwe, kudzera m'mabodza ndi chinyengo, adapeza mphamvu zabodza zomwe zidabweretsa chisoni kwa anthu. Koma tsogolo la ngwazi yofunika kwambiri ya Wagner, Sigmund, ndi yomvetsa chisoni; ndipo ngakhale Siegfried, kutali ndi mikuntho ya masewero a moyo, mwana wosazindikira, wamphamvu wa chilengedwe, akuyenera kufa momvetsa chisoni. Kulikonse ndi kulikonse - kufunafuna kowawa kwa chimwemwe, chikhumbo chofuna kukwaniritsa ntchito zachiwembu, koma sizinaperekedwe kuti zichitike - mabodza ndi chinyengo, chiwawa ndi chinyengo zinasokoneza moyo.

Malinga ndi Wagner, kupulumutsidwa ku mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chikhumbo chachikulu cha chimwemwe kuli m’chikondi chopanda dyera: ndicho chisonyezero chapamwamba cha mfundo yaumunthu. Koma chikondi sichiyenera kukhala chopanda pake - moyo umatsimikiziridwa mu kupindula. Kotero, kuyitanidwa kwa Lohengrin - woteteza Elsa wosalakwa - ndikulimbana ndi ufulu wa ukoma; Feat ndiye moyo wabwino wa Siegfried, chikondi cha Brunnhilde chimamuyitanira ku zochita zatsopano za ngwazi.

Ma opera onse a Wagner, kuyambira ku ntchito zokhwima za 40s, ali ndi mawonekedwe a kufanana kwamalingaliro ndi mgwirizano wamalingaliro oimba ndi odabwitsa. Kusintha kwa 1848-1849 kunali kofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwamalingaliro ndi luso la wolembayo, kukulitsa kusagwirizana kwa ntchito yake. Koma kwenikweni tanthauzo lakusaka njira zophatikizira malingaliro, mitu, ndi zithunzi zokhazikika sizinasinthe.

Wagner adalowa m'masewera ake umodzi wa mawu ochititsa chidwi, amene anafutukula zochitikazo mumtsinje wopitirira, wopitirira. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa mfundo zamaganizidwe, chikhumbo cha kufalitsa kowona kwa njira za moyo wamaganizo kunafunikira kupitiriza koteroko. Wagner sanali yekha pa ntchito imeneyi. Oyimira bwino kwambiri zaluso la opera lazaka za zana la XNUMX, akale achi Russia, Verdi, Bizet, Smetana, adachita zomwezo, aliyense mwanjira yake. Koma Wagner, kupitiriza zomwe mlembi wake wakale wa nyimbo zachijeremani, Weber, adafotokoza, adakulitsa mfundozo mosalekeza. kudzera chitukuko mu mtundu wanyimbo ndi zisudzo. Olekanitsa magawo opangira, zithunzi, ngakhale zojambula, adalumikizana ndikuchita momasuka. Wagner adalemeretsa njira zowonetsera machitidwe ndi mitundu ya monologue, zokambirana, ndi zomangamanga zazikulu za symphonic. Koma kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri kuwonetsera dziko lamkati mwa anthu otchulidwawo posonyeza nthawi zowoneka bwino, zogwira mtima, adayambitsa maonekedwe a subjectivism ndi zovuta zamaganizo mu nyimbo zake, zomwe zinayambitsa verbosity, zinawononga mawonekedwe, kuwapangitsa kukhala omasuka, amorphous. Zonsezi zidakulitsa kusagwirizana kwa sewero la Wagnerian.

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Imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zofotokozera ndi leitmotif system. Si Wagner amene adazipanga: zoyimba zomwe zidayambitsa mayanjano ena ndi zochitika zamoyo kapena zochitika zamaganizidwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe adalemba French Revolution chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndi Weber ndi Meyerbeer, komanso pankhani yanyimbo za symphonic za Berlioz. , Liszt ndi ena. Koma Wagner amasiyana ndi omwe adamutsogolera komanso am'nthawi yake pakugwiritsa ntchito dongosololi mokulirapo, mosasinthasintha. (Ma Wagnerian otengeka adasokoneza kwambiri kuphunzira kwa nkhaniyi, kuyesera kuyika tanthauzo la leitmotif pamutu uliwonse, ngakhale kamvekedwe ka mawu, ndikupereka ma leitmotifs onse, ngakhale atakhala aafupi chotani, okhala ndi pafupifupi zonse.).

Opera ya Wagner iliyonse yokhwima imakhala ndi ma leitmotifs makumi awiri ndi asanu mpaka makumi atatu omwe amadutsa pamzerewu. (Komabe, m'masewera a 40s, chiwerengero cha leitmotifs sichidutsa khumi.). Iye anayamba kupeka opera ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, muzojambula zoyamba za "Ring of the Nibelungen" ulendo wamaliro wochokera ku "Imfa ya Milungu" ikuwonetsedwa, yomwe, monga tanenera, ili ndi mitu yofunika kwambiri ya ngwazi ya tetralogy; Choyamba, chiwombankhangacho chinalembedwa kwa The Meistersingers - chimakonza mutu waukulu wa opera, ndi zina zotero.

Lingaliro la kulenga la Wagner silingatheke pakupangidwa kwa mitu yokongola kwambiri komanso yapulasitiki, momwe zinthu zambiri zofunika pa moyo zimawonekera ndikuziphatikiza. Nthawi zambiri pamitu iyi, kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwa mfundo zofotokozera komanso zithunzi zimaperekedwa, zomwe zimathandiza kutsimikizira chithunzi cha nyimbo. M'ma opera a zaka za m'ma 40, nyimbozo zimakulitsidwa: m'mitu yotsogola-zithunzi, mbali zosiyanasiyana za zochitika zimafotokozedwa. Njira yoyimba iyi imasungidwa m'ntchito zamtsogolo, koma chizolowezi cha Wagner chofuna filosofi yosamvetsetseka nthawi zina kumabweretsa ma leitmotifs omwe adapangidwa kuti afotokoze malingaliro osamveka. Zolinga izi ndi zazifupi, zopanda kutentha kwa mpweya wa munthu, sizingathe chitukuko, ndipo zilibe mgwirizano wamkati wina ndi mzake. Choncho pamodzi mitu - zithunzi uka mitu - zizindikiro.

Mosiyana ndi zomalizazi, mitu yabwino kwambiri yamasewera a Wagner samakhala padera pa ntchito yonseyi, sizimayimira mawonekedwe osasinthika, osagwirizana. M'malo mosiyana. Pali zodziwika bwino pazifukwa zotsogola, ndipo palimodzi amapanga mitundu ina yofotokozera mithunzi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamalingaliro kapena tsatanetsatane wa chithunzi chimodzi. Wagner amabweretsa pamodzi mitu ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana kudzera mukusintha kosawoneka bwino, kufananiza kapena kuphatikiza kwake nthawi imodzi. Rimsky-Korsakov analemba kuti:

Njira yochititsa chidwi ya Wagner, mfundo zake za symphonization ya masewera a opera zinali ndi chikoka pa luso la nthawi yotsatira. Olemba nyimbo zazikulu kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX adatengerapo mwayi pazaluso zaukadaulo wa Wagnerian leitmotif system, ngakhale sanavomereze kunyanyira kwake (mwachitsanzo, Smetana ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini. ndi Prokofiev).

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Kutanthauzira kwa mawu oyambira mumasewera a Wagner kumadziwikanso ndi chiyambi.

Polimbana ndi nyimbo zachiphamaso, zopanda khalidwe m'lingaliro lochititsa chidwi, iye ananena kuti nyimbo za mawu ziyenera kuzikidwa pa kutulutsa mawu a mawu, kapena, monga momwe Wagner ananenera, kamvekedwe ka mawu. “Nyimbo zochititsa chidwi,” iye analemba motero, “zimachirikizidwa m’mavesi ndi m’chinenero.” Palibe mfundo zatsopano m'mawu awa. M'zaka za XVIII-XIX, olemba ambiri adatembenukira ku mafotokozedwe a mawu mu nyimbo kuti asinthe mawonekedwe a dziko la ntchito zawo (mwachitsanzo, Gluck, Mussorgsky). Kulengeza kwabwino kwa Wagnerian kumabweretsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano munyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Kuyambira tsopano, kunali kosatheka kubwerera ku machitidwe akale a nyimbo za opera. Ntchito zatsopano zopanga zatsopano zidawuka pamaso pa oimba - oimba a Wagner's operas. Koma, kutengera malingaliro ake ongopeka, nthawi zina amagogomezera mbali imodzi zodziwikiratu kuti ziwononge nyimbo, ndikuwongolera kukulitsa kwa mawu ku chitukuko cha symphonic.

Zoonadi, masamba ambiri a zisudzo za Wagner ali ndi mawu amagazi athunthu, amitundu yosiyanasiyana, opereka mithunzi yabwino kwambiri yofotokozera. Ma opera a zaka za m'ma 40 ndi olemera mu nyimbo zoterezi, zomwe Flying Dutchman amadziwikiratu chifukwa cha nyumba yake yosungiramo nyimbo za anthu, ndi Lohengrin chifukwa cha kutsekemera kwake komanso kutentha kwa mtima. Koma mu ntchito zotsatila, makamaka mu "Valkyrie" ndi "Meistersinger", gawo la mawu limapatsidwa zinthu zambiri, limapeza udindo wotsogolera. Munthu akhoza kukumbukira "nyimbo ya kasupe" ya Sigmund, monologue yonena za lupanga Notung, nyimbo yachikondi, kukambirana pakati pa Brunnhilde ndi Sigmund, kutsanzikana kwa Wotan; mu "Meistersingers" - nyimbo za Walter, ma monologues a Sax, nyimbo zake za Eva ndi mngelo wa nsapato, quintet, makwaya a anthu; Komanso, lupanga kupanga nyimbo (mu opera Siegfried); nkhani ya Siegfried pakusaka, buku la Brunhilde akufa ("Imfa ya Milungu"), ndi zina zotero. ku gawo lachiwongola dzanja cha okhestra. Kuphwanya kotereku kwaukadaulo pakati pa mawu ndi zida zoimbira ndi chizindikiro cha kusagwirizana kwamkati kwa sewero lanyimbo la Wagnerian.

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Zomwe Wagner adachita monga symphonist, yemwe nthawi zonse amatsimikizira mfundo zamapulogalamu mu ntchito yake, ndizosatsutsika. Zolemba zake zoyambira ndi orchestral (Wagner adapanga zida zinayi zoyimba (ku zisudzo za Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser, Die Meistersingers) ndi zoyambira zitatu zomalizidwa mwaluso (Lohengrin, Tristan, Parsifal)., maulendo a symphonic ndi zithunzi zambiri zojambulidwa, malinga ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, "zinthu zolemera kwambiri za nyimbo zowoneka bwino, ndipo pamene maonekedwe a Wagner adakhala abwino kwa mphindi imodzi, pamenepo adakhala wamkulu komanso wamphamvu ndi pulasitiki. zithunzi zake, chifukwa chosayerekezeka , zida zake zanzeru komanso mawu ake. Tchaikovsky ankalemekeza kwambiri nyimbo za symphonic za Wagner, ponena kuti "chida chokongola kwambiri," "cholemera chodabwitsa cha nsalu za harmonic ndi polyphonic". V. Stasov, mofanana ndi Tchaikovsky kapena Rimsky-Korsakov, amene anatsutsa ntchito yoimba ya Wagner pa zinthu zambiri, analemba kuti oimba ake “n’zatsopano, olemera, nthaŵi zambiri amitundu yonyezimira, ndakatulo ndi chithumwa cha amphamvu kwambiri, komanso achikondi kwambiri. ndi mitundu yodabwitsa yodabwitsa. ”…

Kale m'zaka za m'ma 40, Wagner adapeza chidziwitso, chidzalo ndi kulemera kwa phokoso la orchestra; adayambitsa katatu (mu "Ring of the Nibelung" - quadruple); adagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya zingwe, makamaka powononga kaundula wapamwamba (njira yake yomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi makonzedwe apamwamba a zingwe zogawa); adapereka cholinga choyimba pazida zamkuwa (monga kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwa malipenga atatu ndi ma trombones atatu pakubwereza kwa Tannhäuser overture, kapena zolumikizana zamkuwa pazomwe zikuyenda kumbuyo kwa zingwe mu Ride of the Valkyries ndi Incantation of Fire, etc.) . Kusakaniza phokoso la magulu atatu akuluakulu a orchestra (zingwe, matabwa, mkuwa), Wagner adapeza kusinthasintha, kusiyana kwa pulasitiki kwa nsalu ya symphonic. Luso lapamwamba losokoneza bongo linamuthandiza pa izi. Komanso, oimba ake si zokongola, komanso khalidwe, tcheru amachitira chitukuko cha maganizo kwambiri ndi zochitika.

Wagner ndi woyambitsanso gawo la mgwirizano. Pofufuza zotsatira zamphamvu kwambiri, adawonjezera mphamvu ya mawu oimba, akudzaza ndi ma chromatisms, kusintha, zovuta zovuta, kupanga "multilayered" polyphonic texture, pogwiritsa ntchito molimba mtima, modulation modabwitsa. Kufufuza kumeneku nthawi zina kumabweretsa kuchulukira kwa kalembedwe, koma sikunapezeke ngati kuyesa kopanda chifukwa.

Wagner anatsutsa mwamphamvu kufunafuna “nyimbo kaamba ka iwo eni, kokha kaamba ka kukhudzika kwawo kobadwa nako.” Polankhula ndi oimba achichepere, iye anawachonderera kuti “asatembenuze nyimbo zoimbidwa ndi nyimbo zoimbidwa ndi zoimbidwa kukhala mathero pazokha.” Wagner anali wotsutsa kulimba mtima kopanda maziko, adamenyera mawu owona mtima ndi malingaliro amunthu, ndipo pankhaniyi adalumikizana ndi miyambo yopita patsogolo ya nyimbo zachijeremani, kukhala m'modzi mwa oimira ake otchuka. Koma m’moyo wake wonse wautali ndi wovuta wa luso, nthaŵi zina anatengeka ndi malingaliro onama, apatuka panjira yolondola.

Popanda kukhululukira Wagner chifukwa cha chinyengo chake, pozindikira zotsutsana zazikulu mu malingaliro ake ndi zilandiridwe zake, kukana zomwe zimatsutsana nazo, timayamikira kwambiri wojambula wanzeru waku Germany, yemwe adateteza malingaliro ake motsimikiza komanso motsimikiza, akulemeretsa chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa za nyimbo.

M. Druskin

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Wagner →

Ngati tikufuna kulemba mndandanda wa anthu, zochitika, zovala, zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'masewero a Wagner, dziko la nthano lidzaonekera pamaso pathu. Zinjoka, zimphona, zimphona, milungu ndi milungu, mikondo, zisoti, malupanga, malipenga, mphete, nyanga, azeze, mbendera, mikuntho, utawaleza, swans, nkhunda, nyanja, mitsinje, mapiri, moto, nyanja ndi zombo pa iwo, zozizwitsa. ndi kuzimiririka, mbale za poizoni ndi zakumwa zamatsenga, zobisala, mahatchi owuluka, zinyumba zamatsenga, malinga, ndewu, nsonga zosagonjetseka, nsonga zakumwamba, maphompho apansi pamadzi ndi padziko lapansi, minda yamaluwa, anyanga, ngwazi zazing'ono, zonyansa zonyansa, namwali ndi muyaya. okongola achinyamata , ansembe ndi Knights, okonda okonda, ochenjera ochenjera, olamulira amphamvu ndi olamulira akuvutika ndi matsenga oipa ... Simunganene kuti matsenga akulamulira kulikonse, ufiti, ndi maziko okhazikika a chirichonse ndi kulimbana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa, uchimo ndi chipulumutso. , mdima ndi kuwala. Kuti tifotokoze zonsezi, nyimboyi iyenera kukhala yokongola, yovala zovala zapamwamba, zodzaza ndi zing'onozing'ono, monga buku lodziwika bwino, lolimbikitsidwa ndi zongopeka, zomwe zimadyetsa zosangalatsa ndi zachikondi za chivalric momwe chirichonse chingachitike. Ngakhale Wagner akunena za zochitika wamba, zofanana ndi anthu wamba, iye nthawi zonse amayesa kuchoka ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: kusonyeza chikondi, zithumwa zake, kunyoza zoopsa, ufulu wopanda malire. Zochitika zonse zimangobwera zokha kwa iye, ndipo nyimbo zimakhala zachibadwa, zikuyenda ngati kuti palibe zopinga panjira yake: pali mphamvu mmenemo yomwe imakumbatira mopanda moyo moyo wonse ndikusandulika kukhala chozizwitsa. Imasuntha mosavuta komanso mwachiwonekere mosasamala kuchokera ku nyimbo zotsanzira zapakatikati zaka za zana la XNUMX zisanafike kupita kuzinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri, kupita ku nyimbo zamtsogolo.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake Wagner nthawi yomweyo adapeza ulemerero wa wosintha kuchokera kugulu lomwe limakonda kusintha kwabwino. Iye anawonekeradi kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene akanatha kugwiritsira ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyesera popanda kukankhira ngakhale pang’ono yamwamboyo. M’chenicheni, iye anachita zambiri, koma zimenezi zinawonekera pambuyo pake. Komabe, Wagner sanachite malonda ndi luso lake, ngakhale kuti ankakonda kwambiri kuwala (kupatula kukhala katswiri wa nyimbo, analinso ndi luso la wotsogolera komanso luso lalikulu monga wolemba ndakatulo ndi wolemba ndakatulo). Zojambulajambula nthawi zonse zakhala kwa iye chinthu cholimbana ndi makhalidwe abwino, chomwe tafotokoza kuti ndi kulimbana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa. Ndi iye amene adaletsa chikhumbo chilichonse chaufulu wachisangalalo, kuwongolera kuchuluka kulikonse, zokhumba zonse zakunja: kufunikira kopondereza kwa kudzilungamitsa kunakhala patsogolo kuposa mphamvu yachilengedwe ya wolembayo ndipo adapereka zomanga zake zandakatulo ndi nyimbo zowonjezera zomwe zimayesa mwankhanza kuleza mtima kwa omvera amene amathamangira kumapeto. Wagner, kumbali ina, sakufulumira; sakufuna kukhala wosakonzekera mphindi ya chiweruzo chomaliza ndipo akupempha anthu kuti asamusiye yekha pakufuna kwake choonadi. Sitinganene kuti pochita izi amakhala ngati njonda: kumbuyo kwa makhalidwe ake abwino monga wojambula woyengedwa pali wopondereza yemwe salola kuti tisangalale mwamtendere osachepera ola limodzi la nyimbo ndi machitidwe: amafuna kuti ife, popanda kuphethira. diso, kukhalapo pa kuvomereza kwake kwa machimo ndi zotsatira zake zochokera ku kuvomereza uku. Tsopano ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo aja amene ali pakati pa akatswiri a zisudzo za Wagner, amatsutsa kuti bwalo la zisudzo zoterozo silofunikira, kuti siligwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zimene atulukira, ndipo kulingalira kwanzeru kwa woipeka kumatayidwa moipitsitsa, ndi mokwiyitsa. Mwina choncho; amene amapita ku zisudzo pazifukwa zina, amene kwa wina; panthawiyi, muzoimba nyimbo mulibe canons (monga, ndithudi, palibe mu luso lililonse), osachepera priori canons, popeza nthawi zonse amabadwa mwatsopano ndi luso la wojambula, chikhalidwe chake, mtima wake. Aliyense amene, kumvetsera kwa Wagner, amatopa chifukwa cha kutalika ndi kuchuluka kwa tsatanetsatane muzochita kapena mafotokozedwe, ali ndi ufulu wotopa, koma sanganene ndi chidaliro chomwecho kuti zisudzo zenizeni ziyenera kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nyimbo zoimbira kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX mpaka lero zadzaza ndi utali woipitsitsa.

Inde, mu zisudzo za Wagnerian pali chinachake chapadera, chopanda ntchito ngakhale pa nthawi yake. Kukhazikitsidwa pa nthawi yopambana ya melodrama, pamene kupambana kwa mawu, nyimbo ndi siteji kwa mtundu uwu kunali kugwirizanitsa, Wagner adaperekanso lingaliro la sewero lapadziko lonse ndi kupambana kwakukulu kwa nthano, nthano, zomwe zinali zofanana ndi kubwerera ku zisudzo zanthano komanso zokongoletsa za Baroque, nthawi ino zidalemeretsedwa ndi oimba amphamvu komanso mawu osakongoletsedwa, koma olunjika mbali imodzi ya zisudzo za m'ma XNUMX ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Kusauka komanso kuchita bwino kwa otchulidwa m'bwaloli, malo odabwitsa ozungulira iwo ndi ulemu wapamwamba womwe umapezeka mwa Wagner wotsatira wotsimikiza, wolankhula bwino, wanzeru. Kamvekedwe ka ulaliki ndi miyambo ya zisudzo zake zidayambanso ku bwalo la zisudzo la baroque, momwe maulaliki a oratorio ndi zomangamanga zowonetsera ukoma zimatsutsa zomwe anthu amayembekezera. Nkosavuta kugwirizanitsa ndi kachitidwe komaliziraku mitu yodziwika bwino ya ngwazi yachikristu ya m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, imene mosakayikira woimba wake wamkulu m’bwalo la zisudzo anali Wagner. Apa komanso muzinthu zina zambiri zomwe tazifotokoza kale, mwachibadwa anali ndi am'mbuyo mu nthawi ya chikondi. Koma Wagner adatsanulira mwazi watsopano mu zitsanzo zakale, adawadzaza ndi mphamvu komanso nthawi yomweyo chisoni, chomwe sichinachitikepo mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kupatulapo zoyembekeza zofooka kwambiri: adayambitsa ludzu ndi mazunzo a ufulu omwe amapezeka ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, kuphatikizapo kukayikira. kutheka kwake. Mwanjira iyi, nthano za Wagnerian zimakhala nkhani zofunika kwa ife. Amaphatikiza mantha ndi kuphulika kwa kuwolowa manja, chisangalalo ndi mdima wa kusungulumwa, ndi kuphulika kwa sonic - kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu zomveka, ndi nyimbo yosalala - kumverera kwa kubwerera ku chikhalidwe. Masiku ano munthu amadzizindikira yekha mu masewero a Wagner, ndikokwanira kuti amve, kuti asawawone, amapeza chifaniziro cha zilakolako zake, chikhumbo chake ndi chilakolako chake, kufuna kwake kwatsopano, ludzu la moyo, kutentha thupi ndi kutentha thupi. , mosiyana, kuzindikira kupanda mphamvu komwe kumapondereza zochita za munthu aliyense. Ndipo ndi chisangalalo cha misala, amayamwa “paradaiso wochita kupanga” wopangidwa ndi kamvekedwe konyezimira kameneka, matabwa ameneŵa, onunkhira ngati maluŵa amuyaya.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)