Chikhalidwe |

ku lat. temperatio - chiŵerengero cholondola, kufanana

Kuyanjanitsa kwa ubale wanthawi yayitali pakati pa masitepe a nyimbo. dongosolo. T. mawonekedwe a magawo otsatirawa pakukula kwa muses iliyonse. machitidwe: kusintha machitidwe "achilengedwe" (mwachitsanzo, Pythagorean, oyera, mwachitsanzo e. kutengera mipata kuchokera ku sikelo yachilengedwe), masikelo opangira, owuma amabwera - osafanana komanso ofananira T. (12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 53-liwiro, etc.). Kufunika kwa T. zimachitika mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za muses. kumva, ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo zomveka. machitidwe, nyimbo. kufotokozera, pakubwera kwa mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu ndipo, pamapeto pake, ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo. zipangizo. Choncho, mu Dr. Greece, pofufuza njira yabwino kwambiri ya tetrachord, Aristoxenus anaganiza zogawa quart mu magawo 60 ofanana ndi awiri b. masekondi (a – g, g – f) sankhani magawo 24, ndi a m. masekondi (f – e) – 12; kwenikweni ili pafupi kwambiri ndi yamakono. 12-liwiro yunifolomu T. Kusaka kozama kwambiri m'dera la T. m'zaka za m'ma 16-18. e. pa nthawi yopanga homophonic-harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, chitukuko cha mitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo. kupanga, mapangidwe athunthu ang'onoang'ono dongosolo makiyi. M'mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito kale a Pythagorean ndi ma tunings oyera (cf. Stroy) panali kusiyana kochepa kutalika pakati pa enharmonic. mawu (cf. Enharmonism), sizinafanane wina ndi mzake mu msinkhu, mwachitsanzo, phokoso lake ndi c, dis ndi es. Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kufotokoza. nyimbo, koma zinalepheretsa kukula kwa tonal ndi harmonic. machitidwe; kunali koyenera kupanga zida zokhala ndi makiyi angapo pa octave iliyonse, kapena kusiya zosinthira kupita ku makiyi akutali. Choyamba, kusiyana kwa T. oimba anayesa kusunga mtengo wa b. gawo lachitatu ndi lofanana ndi mukukonzekera koyera (Kutentha A. Shlika, P. Arona, midtone T. ndi etc.); chifukwa cha izi, kukula kwa magawo asanu kunasintha pang'ono. Komabe, dep. gawo lachisanu linamveka ngati silinamveke bwino (mwachitsanzo, Mr. nkhandwe zisanu). Nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo. mu mawu T., b. chachitatu cha kukonzedwa koyera chinagawidwa m'magulu awiri amtundu wofanana. Zinapangitsanso kuti zikhale zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito makiyi onse. A. Werkmeister ndi ine. Neidhardt (con. 17 - pemphani. 18 centuries) anasiyidwa b. magawo atatu a dongosolo loyera ndikuyamba kugawa chikoma cha Pythagorean pakati pa decomp. chachisanu. Chifukwa chake, adayandikira pafupi ndi yunifolomu ya 12-speed T. Mu masitepe 12 a kupsa mtima kofanana, magawo asanu aliwonse amachepetsedwa poyerekeza ndi gawo lachisanu kuchokera ku sikelo yachilengedwe ndi 1/12 ya comma ya Pythagorean (pafupifupi 2 cent, kapena 1/100 ya toni yonse); dongosolo linatsekedwa, octave inagawidwa mu semitones 12 ofanana, magawo onse a dzina lomwelo anakhala ofanana kukula. M'dongosolo lino, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito makiyi onse ndi ma chords a decomp kwambiri. zomanga, popanda kuphwanya miyambo yokhazikitsidwa ya kuzindikira kwapang'onopang'ono komanso popanda kusokoneza mapangidwe a zida ndi mawu osasunthika (monga organ, clavier, zeze). Chimodzi mwazowerengera zolondola kwambiri za 12-speed T. yopangidwa ndi M. Mersenne (zaka za zana la 17); tebulo lakuyenda mozungulira gawo lachisanu ndikubwerera koyambira idayikidwa mu "Grammar ya Nyimbo" ndi N. Diletsky (1677). Chochitika choyamba chowala cha luso. kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya tempered kunachitidwa ndi I. C. Bach (The Well-Tempered Clavier, ch. 1, 1722). 12-liwiro T. imakhalabe njira yabwino yothetsera vuto la dongosolo. T uyu. adapanga zinthu zopititsira patsogolo kwambiri chitukuko cha modal harmonic. machitidwe mu 19th ndi 20th century. Poyimba ndi kuimba zida zokhala ndi mawu osakhazikika, oimba amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa. Bambo. zone dongosolo, pokhudzana ndi Krom tempered system ndi nkhani yapadera. M'malo mwake, T. imakhudzanso kamangidwe ka madera, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa magawo a magawo. Yopangidwa ndi N. A. Garbuzov wanthanthi. lingaliro la zonal chikhalidwe cha kumva phula (onani. Zone) zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira psychophysiological. maziko a 12-speed T. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adatsimikiza kuti dongosololi silingakhale labwino. Kuti mugonjetse mawu. kuipa kwa 12-speed T. zosintha zidapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa masitepe opumira pa octave iliyonse. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa dongosololi ndi masitepe 53 mu octave, yoperekedwa ndi N. Mercator (zaka za zana la 18), Sh. Tanaka and R. Bosanquet (zaka za zana la 19); zimakulolani kuti muthe kuberekanso molondola nthawi za Pythagorean, zoyera ndi 12-masitepe ofanana ndi kusinthasintha.

M'zaka za m'ma 20 zoyesa kulenga diff. zosankha T. pitilizani. Ku Czechoslovakia m'zaka za m'ma 20 A. Khaba adapanga makina a 1/4, 1/3-tone, 1/6-tone ndi 1/12-toni. Mu Sov. Union nthawi yomweyo, AM Avraamov ndi GM Rimsky-Korsakov adayesa kuyesa kamvekedwe ka mawu a kotala; AS Ogolevets akufuna 17- ndi 29-step T. (1941), PP Baranovsky ndi EE Yutsevich - 21-step (1956), EA Murzin - 72-step system T. 1960).

Zothandizira: Khaba A., Harmonic maziko a quarter-tone system, "To new shores", 1923, No 3, Shtein R., Quarter-tone music, ibid., Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Substantiation of the quarter-tone musical system, mu: De musisa. Vremnik kutulutsa mbiri ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, vol. 1, L., 1925; Ogolevets AS, Zofunika za chinenero cha harmonic, M., 1941; yake, Mawu Oyamba pamaganizo amakono oimba, M., 1946; Garbuzov NA, Intrazonal intonation kumva ndi njira za chitukuko chake, M. - L, 1951; Musical Acoustics, ed. HA Garbuzova, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch kusanthula kwa free melodic system, K., 1956; Sherman NS, Mapangidwe a yunifolomu temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Mavuto a kuyimba kwa nyimbo, M., 1966; Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1891, 1921

Yu. N. Ziguduli