Tenor |

italo. tenor, kuchokera ku lat. tensor - kusuntha kosalekeza, kusuntha kofanana, kugwedezeka kwa mawu, kuchokera ku teneo - kulunjika, kugwira (njira); French tenor, teneur, taille, haute contra, German. tenor, english tenor

Mawu osamveka bwino, omwe amadziwika kale m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali alibe tanthauzo lokhazikika: tanthauzo lake linagwirizana ndi matanthauzo a mawu akuti tonus (kamvekedwe ka masalimo, kamvekedwe ka tchalitchi, kamvekedwe chonse), modus, tropus (system, mode). ), accentus (katchulidwe, kupsinjika, kukweza mawu) idawonetsanso kutalika kwa mpweya kapena kutalika kwa phokoso, pakati pa akatswiri azaka zakumapeto kwa Middle Ages - nthawi zina ambitus (voliyumu) ​​ya mode. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mfundo zotsatirazi zinatsimikiziridwa molondola kwambiri.

1) M’nyimbo ya Gregorian, T. (yemwe pambuyo pake inadzatchedwanso tuba (2), corda (French corda, Spanish cuerda)) ndi yofanana ndi ya repercussion (2), ndiko kuti, imodzi mwa mamvekedwe ofunika kwambiri a kuyimba, kugwirizana ndi mawu omveka. zazikulu ndi zofotokozera pamodzi ndi zomaliza. phokoso (lomaliza, lofanana m'malo mwa tonic) kuyanjana kwa nyimbo (onani mitundu ya Medieval). Mu decomp. mitundu ya masalimo ndi nyimbo pafupi ndi izo T. amatumikira ch. kamvekedwe ka mawu (mawu, pomwe mbali yofunika kwambiri ya lemba imanenedwa).

2) Mu Middle Ages. nyimbo za polygonal (pafupifupi m'zaka za zana la 12-16) dzina la phwando, momwe nyimbo yotsogolera (cantus firmus) imatchulidwa. Nyimboyi inakhala maziko, chiyambi chogwirizanitsa cha zolinga zambiri. nyimbo. Poyambirira, liwuli m'lingaliro limeneli linagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi mtundu wa treble (1) - mtundu wapadera, wosasunthika kwambiri wa organum (m'mawonekedwe oyambirira a organum, ntchito yofanana ndi T. idaseweredwa ndi vox principalis - the mawu aakulu); T. imagwiranso ntchito zofanana ndi ma polygons ena. Mitundu: motte, mass, ballad, etc. Mu zolinga ziwiri. nyimbo T. anali mawu apansi. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa countertenor bassus (kutsutsa m'mawu otsika), T. inakhala imodzi mwa mawu apakati; pamwamba pa T. akhoza kuikidwa countertenor altus. M'mitundu ina, liwu lomwe lili pamwamba pa T. linali ndi dzina losiyana: motetus mu motet, superius mu ndime; mawu apamwamba ankatchedwanso duplum, triplum, quadruplum kapena - discantus (onani Treble (2)), kenako - soprano.

M'zaka za zana la 15 dzina "T." nthawi zina amawonjezeredwa ku countertenor; lingaliro la "T". kwa olemba ena (mwachitsanzo, Glarean) amalumikizana ndi lingaliro la cantus firmus ndi mutu wonse (monga nyimbo yamutu umodzi yokonzedwa muzolemba zambiri); ku Italy m'zaka za zana la 15 ndi 16. dzina "T." amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nyimbo yothandizira ya kuvina, yomwe inayikidwa pakati pa mawu, malo omwe amapanga mawu apamwamba (superius) ndi otsika (countertenor).

G. de Macho. Kyrie wochokera ku Misa.

Kuphatikiza apo, zolemba zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito Op. c.-l. nyimbo yodziwika bwino yoperekedwa mu T. (German Tenorlied, Tenormesse, Italian messa su tenore, French messe sur tenor).

3) Dzina la kwaya kapena gawo limodzi lopangidwa kuti ligwire ntchito ya T. (4). Mu polygon harmonic kapena polyphonic. nyumba yosungiramo katundu, kumene kwaya imatengedwa ngati chitsanzo. ulaliki (mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito yophunzitsa mogwirizana, polyphony), - mawu (1), yomwe ili pakati pa bass ndi alto.

4) Mawu aamuna apamwamba (4), omwe dzina lake limachokera ku machitidwe omwe iye adachita mu polygonal yoyambirira. nyimbo za phwando T. (2). Mtundu wa T. m'zigawo zayekha ndi c - c2, mu choral c - a1. Zomveka mu voliyumu kuyambira f mpaka f1 ndi kaundula wapakati, zomveka pansipa f zili m'kaundula wapansi, zomveka pamwamba pa f1 zili mu kaundula wapamwamba ndi wapamwamba. Lingaliro la mitundu ya T. silinasinthe: m'zaka za 15-16. T. mu decomp. milandu, amatanthauziridwa ngati pafupi ndi viola, kapena, mosiyana, atagona m'dera la baritone (tenorino, quanti-tenore); m'zaka za zana la 17 voliyumu wamba ya T. inali mkati mwa h - g 1. Mpaka posachedwa, zigawo za T. zinalembedwa mu kiyi ya tenor (mwachitsanzo, gawo la Sigmund mu mphete ya Wagner ya Nibelung; dona" ndi Tchaikovsky. ), mu kwaya yakale. zambiri zimakhala mu alto ndi baritone; m'mabuku amakono chipani cha T. cholembedwa mu violin. key, zomwe zikutanthauza kusinthika pansi kwa octave (yomwe imatanthauzidwanso

or

). Ntchito yophiphiritsira ndi ya semantic ya T. inasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Mu oratorio (Samisoni wa Handel) ndi nyimbo zakale zopatulika, mwambo wovomerezeka kwa nthawi zotsatila za kutanthauzira gawo la solo monga nkhani-yochititsa chidwi (The Evangelist in Passions) kapena momveka bwino (Benedictus kuchokera ku Bach's mass mu h-moll, magawo osiyana mu " "All-night Vigil" ndi Rachmaninov, gawo lapakati mu "Canticum sacrum" ndi Stravinsky). Monga zisudzo za ku Italy m'zaka za zana la 17 maudindo apamwamba a ngwazi ndi okonda achichepere adatsimikiziridwa; zenizeni zimawonekera pambuyo pake. gawo la T.-buffa. Mu opera-mndandanda wa akazi. mawu ndi mawu a castrati analoŵa m’malo mwa mawu achimuna, ndipo T. anapatsidwa maudindo ang’onoang’ono okha. M'malo mwake, mumtundu wina wademokalase mawonekedwe a opera buffa, mbali zotukuka (nyimbo ndi nthabwala) ndizofunikira kwambiri. Pa kutanthauzira kwa T. mu masewero a 18-19 zaka. adakhudzidwa ndi WA ​​Mozart ("Don Giovanni" - gawo la Don Ottavio, "Aliyense amachita" - Ferrando, "The Magic Flute" - Tamino). Opera m'zaka za zana la 19 adapanga mitundu yayikulu yamaphwando a tenor: mawu. T. (Italian tenore di grazia) amasiyanitsidwa ndi timbre yowala, kaundula yamphamvu yapamwamba (nthawi zina mpaka d2), kupepuka ndi kuyenda (Almaviva mu Rossini's The Barber of Seville; Lensky); drama. T. (Chitaliyana tenore di forza) imadziwika ndi mtundu wa baritone ndi mphamvu yomveka yomveka yokhala ndi mtundu wocheperako pang'ono (Jose, Herman); mu sewero lanyimbo. T. (Italian mezzo-carattere) amaphatikiza makhalidwe a mitundu yonseyi m'njira zosiyanasiyana (Othello, Lohengrin). Kusiyanasiyana kwapadera ndi khalidwe la T.; dzinali ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maudindo (trike). Podziŵa ngati mawu a woimba ali a mtundu wina, miyambo yoimba ya mtundu winawake ndi yofunika. sukulu; inde, mu Italy. oimba kusiyana pakati pa mawu. ndi dram. T. ndi wachibale, amafotokozedwa momveka bwino mmenemo. opera (mwachitsanzo, Max wosakhazikika mu The Free Shooter ndi Sigmund wosagwedezeka mu The Valkyrie); mu nyimbo Russian ndi mtundu wapadera wa lyric sewero. T. yokhala ndi kaundula wapamwamba wothamangitsidwa komanso mawu omveka bwino amachokera ku Ivan Susanin wa Glinka (tanthauzo la mlembi wa Sobinin - "khalidwe lakutali" limafikira ku maonekedwe a phwando). Kufunika kowonjezereka kwa chiyambi chamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo za opera. 19 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 20, kuyanjana kwa opera ndi masewero. zisudzo komanso kulimbikitsa ntchito yobwerezabwereza (makamaka m'ma opera azaka za zana la 20) zidakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera za tenor. Izi ndizo, mwachitsanzo, kufika ku e2 ndikumveka ngati falsetto T.-altino (Wopenda nyenyezi). Kusintha kutsindika kuchokera ku cantilena kupita ku kufotokoza. katchulidwe ka mawu ndi katchulidwe kake. maudindo, monga Yurodivy ndi Shuisky mu Boris Godunov, Alexei mu Gambler ndi Prince mu Prokofiev's Love for Three Oranges, ndi ena.

Mbiri ya mlanduwu imaphatikizapo mayina a anthu ambiri odziwika bwino a T.. Ku Italy, G. Rubini, G. Mario anali wotchuka kwambiri, m'zaka za zana la 20. - E. Caruso, B. Gigli, M. Del Monaco, G. Di Stefano, pakati pawo. Ojambula a opera (makamaka, ochita ntchito za Wagner) adadziwika bwino ku Czech. Woimba JA Tikhachek, German. oimba W. Windgassen, L. Zuthaus; mwa Russian ndi kadzidzi. oimba-T. - NN Figner, IA Alchevsky, DA Smirnov, LV Sobinov, IV Ershov, NK Pechkovsky, GM Nelepp, S. Ya. Lemeshev, I S. Kozlovsky.

5) Mzimu wamkuwa wambiri. chida (Chitaliyana Flicorno tenore, French saxhorn tynor, German Tenorhorn). Amatanthauza transposing zida, opangidwa mu B, T. gawo lalembedwa pa b. palibe chapamwamba kuposa phokoso lenileni. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito makina atatu a valve, ali ndi chromatic scale, mtundu weniweni ndi E - h1. Wed ndi pamwamba. T. zolembera zimadziwika ndi mawu ofewa komanso omveka; Maluso a melodic T. amaphatikizidwa ndiukadaulo. kuyenda. T. anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati. Zaka za zana la 19 (bh mapangidwe a A. Saks). Pamodzi ndi zida zina zochokera ku banja la saxhorn—cornet, baritone, ndi bass—T. imapanga maziko a mzimu. gulu la oimba, kumene, malingana ndi kapangidwe kake, gulu la T. lagawidwa mu 2 (mu mkuwa waung'ono, nthawi zina wosakanikirana pang'ono) kapena 3 (m'magulu ang'onoang'ono osakanikirana ndi aakulu); 1st T. nthawi yomweyo ali ndi ntchito ya mtsogoleri, nyimbo. mawu, 2 ndi 3 akutsatira, mawu otsagana nawo. T. kapena baritone nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa nyimbo zoyimba. mawu m'maguba atatu. Magawo oyenerera a T. amapezeka mu Symphony No. 19 ya Myaskovsky. Chida chogwirizana kwambiri ndi Wagner horn (tenor) tuba (1).

6) Kufotokozera tanthauzo mu decomp mutu. zida zoimbira, zosonyeza mikhalidwe yabwino ya mawu awo ndi mitundu (mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya banja lomwelo); mwachitsanzo: saxophone-T., tenor trombone, domra-T., tenor viola (yotchedwanso viola da gamba ndi taille), etc.

Zolemba: 4) Timokhin V., oimba odziwika bwino a ku Italy, M., 1962; ake, Masters of vocal art of the XX century, no. 1, M., 1974; Lvov M., Kuchokera ku mbiri ya luso la mawu, M., 1964; ake, oimba a ku Russia, M., 1965; Rogal-Levitsky Dm., Modern orchestra, vol. 2, M., 1953; Gubarev I., Brass band, M., 1963; Chulaki M., Instruments of a symphony orchestra, M.-L., 1950, M., 1972.

TS Kyuregyan

Mawu aamuna apamwamba. Main range from ku wamng'ono ku ku octave yoyamba (nthawi zina mpaka ре kapena ngakhale kale F ku Bellini). Pali maudindo a lyric ndi dramatic tenors. Maudindo ambiri a nyimbo zanyimbo ndi Nemorino, Faust, Lensky; Pakati pa mbali za tenor yochititsa chidwi, timawona maudindo a Manrico, Othello, Calaf ndi ena.

Kwa nthawi yayitali mu opera, tenor idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maudindo achiwiri. Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, castrati ankalamulira siteji. Pokhapokha mu ntchito ya Mozart, ndiyeno ku Rossini, pamene mawu a tenor adayamba (makamaka m'masewero a buffa).

Pakati pa olemekezeka kwambiri a zaka za m'ma 20 ndi Caruso, Gigli, Björling, Del Monaco, Pavarotti, Domingo, Sobinov ndi ena. Onaninso countertenor.

E. Tsodokov