Achibale akale a piyano: mbiri ya chitukuko cha chida

Piyano palokha ndi mtundu wa pianoforte. Piyano imatha kumveka osati ngati chida chokhala ndi zingwe zowongoka, komanso ngati piyano, momwe zingwezo zimatambasulira mopingasa. Koma iyi ndi piyano yamakono yomwe tazolowera kuiona, ndipo kale panali mitundu ina ya zida zoimbira za zingwe zomwe sizigwirizana kwenikweni ndi zida zomwe tazolowera.

Kalekale, akhoza kukumana zida monga piramidi limba, zeze, limba ofesi, limba zeze ndi ena.

Pamlingo wina, clavichord ndi harpsichord amatha kutchedwa akalambulabwalo a piyano yamakono. Koma chotsiriziracho chinali ndi zomveka zomveka zomveka, zomwe, kuwonjezera apo, zinazimiririka mwamsanga.

M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zimatchedwa "clavititerium" zinalengedwa - clavichord yokhala ndi ndondomeko yowongoka ya zingwe. Ndiye tiyeni tiyambe mwadongosolo ...

Clavichord

Chida ichi sichiyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Zikadakhala kuti zidatha kuchita zomwe zidakhalabe zotsutsana kwazaka zambiri: pomaliza kusankha kugawanika kwa octave kukhala ma toni, ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, ma semitones.

Pazimenezi tiyenera kuthokoza Sebastian Bach, yemwe anachita ntchito yaikuluyi. Amadziwikanso kuti ndi mlembi wa zolemba makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zolembedwa makamaka kwa clavichord.

M'malo mwake, zidalembedwa kuti ziseweredwe kunyumba: clavichord inali yabata kwambiri kuholo zamakonsati. Koma kunyumba, anali chida chamtengo wapatali, choncho anakhalabe wotchuka kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mbali yapadera ya zida za kiyibodi za nthawiyo zinali zingwe zautali wofanana. Izi zinasokoneza kwambiri kukonza kwa chidacho, motero mapangidwe okhala ndi zingwe zautali wosiyanasiyana adayamba kupangidwa.

Harpsichord

Makiyibodi ochepa amakhala ndi mapangidwe achilendo ngati harpsichord. Mmenemo, mumatha kuwona zingwe zonse ndi kiyibodi, koma apa phokosolo silinatulutsidwe ndi nyundo, koma ndi oyimira pakati. Maonekedwe a harpsichord amakumbukira kale piyano yamakono, popeza ili ndi zingwe zautali wosiyanasiyana. Koma, monga momwe zinalili ndi pianoforte, harpsichord yamapiko inali imodzi mwazojambula zodziwika bwino.

Mtundu winawo unali ngati bokosi lamakona anayi, nthawi zina makwerero. Panali zonse zopingasa za azeze ndi zoyima, zomwe zingakhale zazikulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi zopingasa.

Monga clavichord, harpsichord sichinali chida cha maholo akuluakulu a konsati - chinali chida cha kunyumba kapena salon. Komabe, patapita nthawi idadziwika kuti ndi chida chabwino kwambiri chophatikiza.

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, harpsichord anayamba kuonedwa ngati chidole chosangalatsa cha anthu okondedwa. Chidacho chinali chopangidwa ndi matabwa amtengo wapatali ndipo chinali chokongoletsedwa kwambiri.

Ma harpsichords ena anali ndi ma kiyibodi awiri okhala ndi mphamvu zomveka zosiyanasiyana, ma pedals adalumikizidwa kwa iwo - zoyeserera zinali zochepa chabe ndi malingaliro a ambuye, omwe ankafuna kusiyanitsa mawu owuma a harpsichord mwanjira iliyonse. Koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mkhalidwe umenewu unasonkhezera kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa nyimbo zolembedwa kwa harpsichord.

Tsopano chida ichi, ngakhale sichidziwika monga kale, chimapezekabe nthawi zina.

Itha kumveka pamakonsati a nyimbo zakale komanso za avant-garde. Ngakhale kuli koyenera kuzindikira kuti oimba amakono amatha kugwiritsa ntchito digito synthesizer yokhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimatsanzira phokoso la harpsichord kuposa chida chokha. Komabe, ndizosowa masiku ano.

piyano yokonzekera

Ndendende, kukonzekera. Kapena kusinthidwa. Chofunikira sichimasintha: kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a zingwe, mapangidwe a piyano yamakono amasinthidwa pang'ono, kuika zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo pansi pa zingwe kapena kutulutsa phokoso osati kwambiri ndi makiyi monga njira zowonongeka. : nthawi zina ndi mkhalapakati, ndipo makamaka zonyalanyaza - ndi zala.

Monga ngati mbiri ya harpsichord imadzibwereza yokha, koma m'njira yamakono. Imeneyo ndi piyano yamakono chabe, ngati simusokoneza kwambiri kamangidwe kake, ikhoza kugwira ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Zitsanzo zaumwini zomwe zakhalapo kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma XNUMX (mwachitsanzo, "Smith & Wegner" olimba, Chingerezi "Smidt & Wegener"), ndipo tsopano ali ndi phokoso lolemera kwambiri komanso lolemera kwambiri, lomwe silingafike ku zipangizo zamakono.

Zodabwitsa kwambiri - piyano yamphaka

Mukamva dzina lakuti "piyano yamphaka", poyamba zikuwoneka kuti ili ndi dzina lophiphiritsira. Koma ayi, piyano yotereyi inalidi ndi kiyibodi ndipo .... amphaka. Kuipa, ndithudi, ndipo munthu ayenera kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa sadism kuti athe kuyamikira nthabwala za nthawi imeneyo. Amphakawo anakhala motsatira mawu awo, mitu yawo inatuluka m’sitimayo, ndipo michira yawo inkaonekera mbali ina. Zinali kwa iwo omwe amakoka kuti atulutse phokoso la utali wofunidwa.

Tsopano, ndithudi, piyano yotereyi ndi yotheka kwenikweni, koma zingakhale bwino ngati Society for the Protection of Animals sankadziwa za izo. Amapenga akalibe.

Koma mutha kumasuka, chida ichi chinachitika m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe ndi 1549, panthawi imodzi mwa maulendo a mfumu ya ku Spain ku Brussels. Mafotokozedwe angapo akupezekanso pambuyo pake, koma sizikudziwikanso ngati zida izi zidaliponso, kapena zokumbukira zokhazokha zidatsalira za iwo.

Ngakhale panali mphekesera kuti kamodzi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi I.Kh. Sitima yochiritsa kalonga waku Italy wa melancholy. Malinga ndi iye, chida choseketsa choterechi chimayenera kusokoneza kalonga ku malingaliro ake achisoni.

Kotero mwinamwake zinali nkhanza kwa nyama, komanso patsogolo kwambiri pa chithandizo cha odwala matenda a maganizo, zomwe zinasonyeza kubadwa kwa psychotherapy mu ubwana wake.

 Muvidiyoyi, woyimba zeze amaimba sonata mu D wamng'ono Domenico Scarlatti (Domenico Scarlatti):