Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (Gertrud Elisabeth Mara) |

Gertrud Elisabeth Mara

Mu 1765, Elisabeth Schmeling wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi analimba mtima kupereka konsati yapagulu kudziko lakwawo - mumzinda wa Germany wa Kassel. Iye ankakonda kale kutchuka - zaka khumi zapitazo. Elizabeti anapita kudziko lina ngati katswiri wa violin. Tsopano adabwerera kuchokera ku England monga woyimba wofunitsitsa, ndipo abambo ake, omwe nthawi zonse amatsagana ndi mwana wawo wamkazi ngati impresario, adamupatsa malonda okweza kuti akope chidwi cha khoti la Kassel: aliyense amene angasankhe kuyimba ngati ntchito yake. kudzikondweretsa yekha ndi wolamulira ndikulowa mu opera yake. The Landgrave of Hesse, monga katswiri, adatumiza mtsogoleri wa gulu lake la opera, Morelli, ku konsati. Chigamulo chake chinati: "Ella canta come una tedesca." (Amayimba ngati Mjeremani - Chitaliyana.) Palibe chomwe chingakhale choipitsitsa! Elizabeth, ndithudi, sanaitanidwe ku bwalo lamilandu. Ndipo izi sizodabwitsa: oimba aku Germany ndiye adatchulidwa otsika kwambiri. Ndipo ndani adatengera luso lotere kuti athe kupikisana ndi akatswiri aku Italy? Chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX, opera yaku Germany inali kwenikweni yaku Italy. Olamulira onse ofunikira kwambiri anali ndi magulu a opera, oitanidwa, monga lamulo, ochokera ku Italy. Anapezeka kwathunthu ndi anthu aku Italiya, kuyambira maestro, omwe ntchito zawo zidaphatikizaponso kupanga nyimbo, ndikumaliza ndi prima donna ndi woyimba wachiwiri. Oimba aku Germany, ngati adakopeka, anali a maudindo aposachedwa kwambiri.

Sizingakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti akuluakulu a ku Germany olemba nyimbo za Baroque mochedwa sanachite chilichonse chothandizira kuti nyimbo zawo za ku Germany ziwonekere. Handel analemba zisudzo ngati Chitaliyana, ndi oratorios ngati Mngelezi. Gluck adapanga zisudzo zaku France, Graun ndi Hasse - zaku Italy.

Zapita kale zaka makumi asanu zisanachitike komanso chiyambi cha zaka za zana la XNUMX, pomwe zochitika zina zidapereka chiyembekezo chakutuluka kwa nyumba yanyimbo yaku Germany. Panthawiyo, m'mizinda yambiri ya ku Germany, nyumba zowonetserako zisudzo zinakula ngati bowa pambuyo pa mvula, ngakhale kuti zinabwereza zomangamanga za ku Italy, koma zinkakhala ngati malo a zojambulajambula, zomwe sizinatengere mwachimbulimbuli nyimbo za Venetian. Udindo waukulu pano unali wa zisudzo ku Gänsemarkt ku Hamburg. Holo yamzinda wa mzinda wapatrician wolemera idathandizira olemba, ambiri mwa Reinhard Kaiser waluso komanso wochulukira, komanso omasulira omwe adalemba masewero achijeremani. Zinali zochokera m'Baibulo, nthano, ulendo ndi nkhani za m'deralo pamodzi ndi nyimbo. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti iwo anali kutali kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha mawu achi Italiya.

Singspiel yaku Germany idayamba kukula zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, pomwe, motsogozedwa ndi Rousseau ndi olemba gulu la Sturm und Drang, kunabuka mkangano pakati pa kukhudzidwa koyengeka (motero, opera ya Baroque) mbali imodzi, ndi chilengedwe ndi anthu, pa inayo. Ku Paris, mkanganowu udadzetsa mkangano pakati pa ma buffonists ndi anti-buffonists, omwe adayamba chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX. Ena mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adatenga maudindo omwe sanali achilendo kwa iwo - wafilosofi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, makamaka, adatenga mbali ya opera ya ku Italy, ngakhale mu nyimbo yake yotchuka kwambiri "The Country Sorcerer" inagwedeza mphamvu za nyimbo zoyimba. tsoka - opera ya Jean Baptiste Lully. Zoonadi, sichinali dziko la wolemba lomwe linali lotsimikiza, koma funso lofunika kwambiri lachidziwitso cha ntchito: kodi ufulu wokhalapo ndi chiyani - kukongola kwa baroque kapena nyimbo zoseketsa, zongopeka kapena kubwerera ku chilengedwe?

Masewero a Gluck omwe ankafuna kusintha zinthu anayambanso kupotoza masikelo awo potsatira nthano komanso njira zopulumukira. Wolemba wa ku Germany adalowa m'bwalo la dziko la Paris pansi pa mbendera ya kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wowala wa coloratura m'dzina la choonadi cha moyo; koma zinthu zinakhaladi m’njira yakuti kupambana kwake kunangotalikitsa ulamuliro wophwanyidwa wa milungu ndi ngwazi zamakedzana, ma castrati ndi madonna a prima, ndiko kuti, zisudzo zakumapeto za baroque, zosonyeza kunyada kwa mabwalo achifumu.

Ku Germany, kuwukira kwawo kunayamba cha m'ma 1776 omaliza a zaka za m'ma 1785. Kuyenerera uku ndi kwa Singspiel yachijeremani yocheperako, yomwe idapangidwa komweko. Mu XNUMX, Mfumu Joseph Wachiwiri anakhazikitsa bwalo la zisudzo ku Vienna, kumene anaimba m’Chijeremani, ndipo patapita zaka zisanu sewero lachijeremani la Mozart lakuti The Abduction from the Seraglio linaimbidwa modutsa. Ichi chinali chiyambi chabe, ngakhale chokonzedwa ndi zidutswa zambiri za Singspiel zolembedwa ndi olemba Achijeremani ndi Austrian. Tsoka ilo, Mozart, katswiri wachangu komanso wofalitsa nkhani za "bwalo lamasewera la Germany", posakhalitsa adayenera kutembenukiranso ku thandizo la omasulira a ku Italy. "Akadakhala Mjeremani m'modzi m'bwalo la zisudzo," adadandaula mu XNUMX, "bwalo la zisudzo likadakhala losiyana kwambiri! Ntchito yodabwitsa imeneyi idzayenda bwino pambuyo poti ife Ajeremani titayamba kuganiza mozama m’Chijeremani, kulankhula m’Chijeremani ndi kuimba m’Chijeremani!”

Koma zonse zinali kutali kwambiri ndi izo, pamene ku Kassel kwa nthawi yoyamba, woimba wamng'ono Elisabeth Schmeling anachita pamaso pa anthu a ku Germany, Mara yemweyo, amene pambuyo pake anagonjetsa mizinda ya ku Ulaya, anakankhira prima donnas mu mthunzi, ndipo ku Venice. ndipo Turin adawagonjetsa ndi zida zawo. Frederick Wamkulu ananena momveka bwino kuti angakonde kumvetsera ma arias omwe amachitidwa ndi akavalo ake kusiyana ndi kukhala ndi German prima donna mu opera yake. Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti kunyoza kwake zojambulajambula za ku Germany, kuphatikizapo mabuku, kunali kwachiŵiri kwa kunyoza kwake akazi. Chinali chipambano chotani nanga kwa Mara kotero kuti ngakhale mfumuyi inakhala womusirira wake wachangu!

Koma sanamupembedze ngati "woyimba waku Germany". Momwemonso, kupambana kwake pazigawo za ku Ulaya sikunakweze kutchuka kwa zisudzo za ku Germany. Kwa moyo wake wonse, iye ankaimba yekha mu Chitaliyana ndi Chingerezi, ndipo ankaimba nyimbo za ku Italy zokha, ngakhale olemba awo anali Johann Adolf Hasse, wolemba nyimbo wa Frederick Wamkulu, Karl Heinrich Graun kapena Handel. Mukadziwana ndi nyimbo zake, nthawi zonse mumapeza mayina a omwe amamuimbira nyimbo zomwe amakonda, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu nthawi ndi nthawi, amasonkhanitsa fumbi lomwe silinatchulidwe m'malo osungira. Izi ndi Nasolini, Gazzaniga, Sacchini, Traetta, Piccinni, Iomelli. Anapulumuka Mozart zaka XNUMX, ndi Gluck zaka makumi asanu, koma palibe mmodzi kapena winayo amene sanasangalale naye. Chinthu chake chinali nyimbo yakale ya Neapolitan bel canto. Ndi mtima wake wonse anali wodzipereka ku sukulu ya ku Italy yoimba, yomwe ankaiona kuti ndiyo yokhayo yowona, ndipo ankanyoza chilichonse chomwe chingawononge mphamvu zonse za prima donna. Komanso, malinga ndi mmene iye ankaonera, prima donna ankafunika kuimba bwino kwambiri, ndipo china chilichonse chinali chosafunika.

Talandira ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake za luso lake la virtuoso (zodabwitsa kwambiri kuti Elizabeti anali wodziphunzitsa yekha). Liwu lake, malinga ndi umboni, linali lotambasuka kwambiri, ankaimba mkati mwa ma octave oposa awiri ndi theka, mosavuta kulemba manotsi kuchokera ku B wa octave yaing'ono mpaka F ya octave yachitatu; "Matoni onse amamveka ngati oyera, ngakhale, okongola komanso osadziletsa, ngati kuti si mkazi yemwe adayimba, koma nyimbo yabwino yoyimba nyimbo." Kuimba kokongoletsedwa bwino ndi kolongosoka, mawu omveka bwino, zokometsera ndi ma trill zinali zangwiro kotero kuti ku England mawu oti “kuyimba ngati Mara” anali kufalitsidwa. Koma palibe chodabwitsa chomwe chimanenedwa ponena za zomwe akuchita. Pamene adanyozedwa chifukwa chakuti ngakhale m'masewero achikondi amakhalabe wodekha komanso wosakhudzidwa, adangogwedeza mapewa ake poyankha kuti: "Nditani - kuyimba ndi mapazi ndi manja anga? Ndine woyimba. Zomwe sizingachitike ndi mawu, sindichita. Maonekedwe ake anali wamba kwambiri. M'zithunzi zakale, amawonetsedwa ngati dona wonenepa wokhala ndi nkhope yodzidalira yomwe siyidabwitsidwa ndi kukongola kapena uzimu.

Ku Paris, kusowa kwa kukongola mu zovala zake kunanyozedwa. Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, iye sanachotseko kusakhazikika kwina ndi provincialism yaku Germany. Moyo wake wonse wauzimu unali mu nyimbo, ndi mmenemo mokha. Ndipo osati mu kuyimba kokha; anadziŵa bwino kwambiri nyimbo zoimbira nyimbo za digito, anamvetsa chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana, ndipo ngakhale anapeka yekha nyimbo. Tsiku lina Maestro Gazza-niga adavomereza kwa iye kuti sakanatha kupeza mutu wa pemphero la aria; usiku usanachitike kuwonekera koyamba kugulu, iye analemba aria ndi dzanja lake, ku chisangalalo chachikulu cha wolemba. Ndipo kudziwitsa anthu zamatsenga zosiyanasiyana za coloratura ndi zosintha zomwe mumakonda, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala akhalidwe labwino, nthawi zambiri ankatengedwa ngati ufulu wopatulika wa prima donna iliyonse.

Mara ndithudi sitinganenedwe chifukwa cha chiŵerengero cha oimba aluso, omwe anali, kunena kuti, Schroeder-Devrient. Akadakhala waku Italiya, kutchuka kukanagwera pagawo lake, koma akadakhalabe m'mbiri ya zisudzo m'modzi mwa ambiri omwe adapambana ma prima donnas. Koma Mara anali Mjeremani, ndipo mkhalidwe umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa ife. Anakhala woyimilira woyamba wa anthu awa, mopambanitsa kupyola mu gulu la mfumukazi za ku Italy zoyimba - prima donna woyamba wa dziko la Germany.

Mara anakhala ndi moyo wautali, pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi Goethe. Iye anabadwira ku Kassel pa February 23, 1749, ndiko kuti, m’chaka chomwecho monga wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu, ndipo anakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Wodziwika bwino wanthawi zakale, adamwalira pa Januware 8, 1833 ku Reval, komwe adachezeredwa ndi oimba popita ku Russia. Goethe anamva mobwerezabwereza akuimba, kwa nthawi yoyamba pamene anali wophunzira ku Leipzig. Kenako adasilira "woimba wokongola kwambiri", yemwe panthawiyo adatsutsa kukongola kwa Crown Schroeter wokongola. Komabe, m’kupita kwa zaka, chodabwitsa n’chakuti changu chake chacheperachepera. Koma pamene mabwenzi akale anakondwerera mwaulemu chikumbutso cha makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu ziwiri za Mary, Olympian sanafune kuima pambali ndi kupereka ndakatulo ziwiri kwa iye. Nayi yachiwiri:

Kwa Madame Mara Mpaka tsiku laulemerero la kubadwa kwake Weimar, 1831

Ndi nyimbo njira yanu yaphwanyidwa, Mitima yonse ya ophedwa; Ndinayimbanso, ndikulimbikitsa Torivshi kuti akwere. Ndimakumbukirabe za chisangalalo choyimba Ndipo ndimakutumizirani moni Monga mdalitso.

Kulemekeza mkazi wokalambayo ndi anzake kunakhala chimodzi mwa zosangalatsa zake zomaliza. Ndipo iye anali “pafupi ndi chandamalecho”; muzojambula, adakwaniritsa zonse zomwe angafune kwa nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi mpaka masiku otsiriza adawonetsa ntchito zodabwitsa - adapereka maphunziro oimba, ndipo pazaka makumi asanu ndi atatu adachereza alendo ndi zochitika kuchokera ku sewero lomwe adasewera Donna. Anna. Njira yake ya moyo yozunzika, imene inatsogolera Mara ku nsonga zapamwamba za ulemerero, inadutsa m’phompho la kusoŵa, chisoni ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala.

Elisabeth Schmeling anabadwira m'banja laling'ono la bourgeois. Iye anali mwana wachisanu ndi chitatu mwa ana khumi a woimba mumzinda wa Kassel. Pamene mtsikanayo ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi adachita bwino poimba violin, bambo Schmeling nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti akhoza kupindula ndi luso lake. Pa nthawiyo, ndiko kuti, ngakhale Mozart asanakhalepo, panali mafashoni akuluakulu a ana otchuka. Elizabeth, komabe, sanali mwana wodabwitsa, koma anali ndi luso loimba, lomwe linadziwonetsera mwangozi poyimba violin. Poyamba, bambo ndi mwana wake ankadyera m'mabwalo aang'ono akalonga, kenako anasamukira ku Holland ndi England. Inali nyengo ya kukwera ndi kutsika kosalekeza, zotsatizana ndi zipambano zazing’ono ndi umphaŵi wosatha.

Mwina Bambo Schmeling anali kuwerengera kubwerera kokulirapo kuchokera kuyimba, kapena, malinga ndi magwero, adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe amayi ena olemekezeka achingerezi adanena kuti sikunali koyenera kuti msungwana wamng'ono aziyimba violin, mulimonse, kuchokera ku Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi, Elizabeth wakhala akuimba yekha ngati woyimba komanso woyimba gitala. Maphunziro oimba - kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka wa ku London Pietro Paradisi - adatenga milungu inayi yokha: kuti amuphunzitse kwaulere kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri - ndipo ndizo zomwe zinkafunika m'masiku amenewo kuti aphunzitse mawu omveka bwino - wa ku Italy, yemwe nthawi yomweyo adamuwona kawirikawiri. deta zachilengedwe, anagwirizana kokha pa chikhalidwe kuti m'tsogolo adzalandira kuchotsera ku ndalama za wophunzira wakale. Ndi Schmeling wakale uyu sanagwirizane. Koma movutikira kwambiri anakwanitsa kupeza zofunika pa moyo ndi mwana wawo wamkazi. Ku Ireland, Schmeling adapita kundende - sanathe kulipira ngongole yake ya hotelo. Patapita zaka ziŵiri, tsoka linawagwera: ku Kassel kunabwera mbiri ya imfa ya amayi awo; patapita zaka khumi m'dziko lachilendo, Schmeling potsiriza anali pafupi kubwerera kwawo, koma kenako bailiff anaonekera ndipo Schmeling kachiwiri kutsekeredwa m'ndende chifukwa cha ngongole, nthawi iyi kwa miyezi itatu. Chiyembekezo chokha cha chipulumutso chinali mwana wamkazi wazaka khumi ndi zisanu zakubadwa. Ali yekhayekha, anawoloka ngalandeyo paboti losavuta, lopita ku Amsterdam, kwa anzake akale. Iwo anapulumutsa Schmeling ku ukapolo.

Zolephera zomwe zidagwa pamutu wa munthu wokalamba sizinawononge bizinesi yake. Zinali chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake kuti konsati ku Kassel, pamene Elisabeth “anayimba ngati Mjeremani.” Mosakayikira akanapitirizabe kum’loŵetsa m’zochitika zatsopano, koma Elizabeti wanzeruyo anasiya kumvera. Ankafuna kupita ku zisudzo za oimba a ku Italy m’bwalo la zisudzo, kumvetsera momwe amaimba, ndi kuphunzirapo kanthu kwa iwo.

Kuposa wina aliyense, iye anamvetsa mmene anali kupereŵera. Pokhala ndi ludzu lalikulu lachidziwitso ndi luso lapadera loimba, adapeza m'miyezi yowerengeka zomwe ena amatenga zaka zambiri zolimbikira. Pambuyo pa zisudzo m'makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndi mu mzinda wa Göttingen, mu 1767 iye anatenga gawo mu "Makonsati Aakulu" Johann Adam Hiller ku Leipzig, amene anali akatsogoleli a zoimbaimba mu Leipzig Gewandhaus, ndipo nthawi yomweyo chinkhoswe. Ku Dresden, mkazi wa wosankhidwayo adatenga nawo mbali pazochitika zake - adapereka Elizabeti ku opera ya khoti. Pokhala ndi chidwi ndi luso lake lokha, mtsikanayo anakana anthu angapo omwe adapempha dzanja lake. Maola anayi patsiku anali kuyimba, komanso kuwonjezera - piyano, kuvina, ngakhale kuwerenga, masamu ndi kalembedwe, chifukwa zaka zaubwana za kuyendayenda zidatayika chifukwa cha maphunziro a sukulu. Posakhalitsa anayamba kulankhula za iye ngakhale ku Berlin. Woyang’anira konsati wa Mfumu Friedrich, woimba violin Franz Benda, anabweretsa Elisabeth kukhoti, ndipo mu 1771 anaitanidwa ku Sanssouci. Kunyoza kwa mfumu kwa oimba a ku Germany (omwe, mwa njira, adagawana nawo kwathunthu) sikunali chinsinsi kwa Elizabeti, koma izi sizinamulepheretse kuwonekera pamaso pa mfumu yamphamvu popanda mthunzi wa manyazi, ngakhale kuti panthawiyo anali ndi makhalidwe oipa. despotism, ofanana ndi "Old Fritz". Anamuyimbira mosavuta kuchokera papepalalo bravura aria yodzaza ndi arpeggio ndi coloratura kuchokera ku opera ya Graun Britannica ndipo adalandira mphotho: mfumu yodabwayo inafuula kuti: "Tawonani, akhoza kuimba!" Anawomba m'manja mokweza ndikufuula "bravo".

Ndipamene chisangalalo chinamwetulira Elisabeth Schmeling! M'malo mwa "kumvetsera kulira kwa kavalo wake", mfumuyo inamulamula kuti achite monga German prima donna woyamba mu opera yake ya khoti, ndiko kuti, m'bwalo la zisudzo kumene mpaka tsiku limenelo anthu a ku Italy okha ankaimba, kuphatikizapo castrati awiri otchuka!

Frederick anachita chidwi kwambiri kotero kuti Schmeling wakale, yemwenso anachita pano ngati bizinesi ya mwana wake wamkazi, anatha kukambirana naye za malipiro apamwamba a thaler zikwi zitatu (kenako zinawonjezekanso). Elisabeth anakhala zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ku khoti la Berlin. Kusamalidwa ndi mfumu, kotero kuti anatchuka kwambiri m'mayiko onse a ku Ulaya, ngakhale iye yekha anapita ku likulu la nyimbo za kontinenti. Mwachisomo cha mfumuyo, iye anakhala dona wolemekezeka kwambiri wa m’bwalo, amene malo ake ankafunidwa ndi ena, koma ziŵembu zosapeŵeka m’mabwalo onse amilandu sizinaphule kanthu kwa Elizabeti. Chinyengo kapena chikondi sichinasunthenso mtima wake.

Simunganene kuti anali wolemedwa kwambiri ndi ntchito zake. Chachikulu chinali kuimba pa madzulo a nyimbo za mfumu, kumene iye mwiniyo ankaimba chitoliro, komanso kutenga mbali zazikulu za zisudzo pafupifupi khumi pa nthawi ya carnival. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1742, nyumba yophweka koma yochititsa chidwi ya Baroque ya Prussia inawonekera pa Unter den Linden - opera yachifumu, ntchito ya katswiri wa zomangamanga Knobelsdorff. Atakopeka ndi talente ya Elisabeth, Berliners "kuchokera kwa anthu" adayamba kuyendera kachisi wa chinenero chachilendo kwa anthu olemekezeka nthawi zambiri - malinga ndi zomwe Friedrich ankakonda kwambiri, zisudzo zinkachitikabe ku Italy.

Kulowera kunali kwaulere, koma matikiti opita kumalo ochitira masewerowa anaperekedwa ndi antchito ake, ndipo anayenera kumamatira m'manja mwawo kuti angomwa tiyi. Malo anagawidwa motsatira kwambiri maudindo ndi maudindo. M'chigawo choyamba - akuluakulu, chachiwiri - ena onse olemekezeka, chachitatu - nzika wamba za mzindawo. Mfumuyo inakhala patsogolo pa onse amene anali m’kholamo, ndipo pambuyo pake panali akalonga. Anatsatira zochitika pa siteji mu lorgnette, ndipo "bravo" yake inali ngati chizindikiro cha kuwomba m'manja. Mfumukazi, yomwe inkakhala mosiyana ndi Frederick, ndi ana aakaziwo anali m’bokosi lapakati.

Bwalo la zisudzo silinatenthedwe. M'masiku ozizira ozizira, kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa ndi makandulo ndi nyali zamafuta sikunali kokwanira kutenthetsa holoyo, mfumuyo idagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera yoyesedwa: idalamula magulu ankhondo aku Berlin kuti achite ntchito yawo yankhondo m'nyumba yochitira masewero. tsiku. Ntchito ya servicemen inali yophweka kwambiri - kuyimirira m'mabwalo, kufalitsa kutentha kwa matupi awo. Ndi mgwirizano wosayerekezeka chotani nanga pakati pa Apollo ndi Mars!

Mwina Elisabeth Schmeling, nyenyezi iyi, amene ananyamuka mofulumira kwambiri mu mlengalenga zisudzo, akadakhala mpaka nthawi imene iye anachoka pa siteji yekha prima donna wa mfumu Prussian, mwa kuyankhula kwina, Ammayi mwangwiro German, ngati akanapanda iye. anakumana ndi mwamuna pa konsati ya khoti ku Rheinsberg Castle , yemwe poyamba adasewera gawo la wokondedwa wake, ndiyeno mwamuna wake, adakhala wolakwa wosadziwa kuti adalandira kuzindikirika kwa dziko. Johann Baptist Mara ankakondedwa kwambiri ndi kalonga wa Prussia Heinrich, mng'ono wake wa mfumu. Mbadwa ya ku Bohemia, katswiri wojambula zithunzi, anali ndi khalidwe lonyansa. Woimbayo nayenso ankamwa ndipo, ataledzera, anakhala wamwano komanso wankhanza. Prima donna wamng'ono, yemwe mpaka nthawi imeneyo ankadziwa luso lake lokha, anayamba kukondana ndi njonda yokongola poyamba. Schmeling wokalamba adangoyesa kuletsa mwana wake wamkazi kuti asagwirizane ndi zosayenera; adangopeza kuti adasiyana ndi abambo ake, koma osalephera, kuwapatsa zosamalira.

Nthaŵi ina, pamene Mara anayenera kuseŵera m’bwalo lamilandu ku Berlin, anampeza atafa ataledzera m’nyumba yodyeramo. Mfumuyo inakwiya kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo moyo wa woimbayo wasintha kwambiri. Pampata uliwonse - ndipo panali milandu yokwanira - mfumuyo idalumikiza Mara mu dzenje lachigawo, ndipo nthawi ina idatumiza ndi apolisi ku linga la Marienburg ku East Prussia. Zopempha zokhazokha za prima donna zinakakamiza mfumu kuti ibwererenso. Mu 1773, iwo anakwatirana, mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa chipembedzo (Elizabeth anali Mprotestanti, ndipo Mara anali Mkatolika) ndipo mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa Fritz wokalamba, amene, monga atate weniweni wa mtunduwo, anadziona kukhala kuyenera kwa kuloŵerera ngakhale m’matchalitchi. moyo wake wapamtima wa prima donna. Mfumuyo inasiya dala ukwatiwo, ndipo inadutsa Elizabeti kudzera mwa mkulu wa zisudzozo kuti asaganize zokhala ndi pakati pa chikondwerero cha carnival chisanachitike.

Elizabeth Mara, monga momwe adatchulidwira tsopano, kusangalala osati kupambana pa siteji, komanso chisangalalo cha banja, ankakhala ku Charlottenburg kwambiri. Koma anasowa mtendere wamumtima. Khalidwe lamwano la mwamuna wake pabwalo lamilandu ndi sewerolo linalekanitsa mabwenzi ake akale, osatchulanso za mfumu. Iye, amene anadziŵa ufulu ku England, tsopano anadzimva ngati ali mu khola la golide. Pachimake cha carnival, iye ndi Mara anayesa kuthawa, koma anatsekeredwa ndi alonda pa mzindawo, kenako cellist anatumizidwanso ku ukapolo. Elizabeti anapempha mbuye wake zokhumudwitsa, koma mfumuyo inakana mwankhanza kwambiri. Pa limodzi la zopempha zake, iye analemba kuti, "Amalipidwa chifukwa choimba, osati kulemba." Mara anaganiza zobwezera. Madzulo aulemu wolemekeza mlendo - Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa ku Russia Pavel, yemwe mfumuyo inkafuna kusonyeza prima donna yake yotchuka, adayimba mwadala mosasamala, pafupifupi mozama, koma pamapeto pake zachabechabe zinakhala ndi mkwiyo. Anaimba nyimbo yomaliza mosangalala kwambiri, monyezimira kwambiri, moti mtambo wa bingu womwe unali pamutu pake unasweka ndipo mfumu inasonyeza kukondwera kwake.

Elizabeti anapempha mfumu mobwerezabwereza kuti imulole kuti apite kukaona malo, koma iye ankakana nthawi zonse. Mwina chibadwa chake chinamuuza kuti sadzabweranso. Nthawi yosasunthika idapindika msana wake ku imfa, idakwinya nkhope yake, yomwe tsopano imakumbukira siketi yowongoka, idapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuyimba chitoliro, chifukwa manja a nyamakazi sanamverenso. Anayamba kusiya. Greyhounds anali okondedwa kwambiri kwa Friedrich wokalamba kwambiri kuposa anthu onse. Koma anamvetsera prima donna wake ndi chidwi chomwecho, makamaka pamene iye ankaimba nyimbo zomwe amakonda, ndithudi, Chitaliyana, chifukwa iye anayerekezera nyimbo za Haydn ndi Mozart ndi makonsati amphaka oipa kwambiri.

Komabe, Elizabeti anakwanitsa kupempha tchuthi. Analandira kulandiridwa koyenera ku Leipzig, Frankfurt ndipo, chomwe chinali chofunika kwambiri kwa iye, ku Kassel kwawo. Pobwerera, adachita konsati ku Weimar, yomwe Goethe adakhalapo. Anabwerera ku Berlin akudwala. Mfumu, mwakufuna kwinanso, sanamulole kupita kukalandira chithandizo mumzinda wa Bohemian wa Teplitz. Uwu unali udzu womaliza umene unasefukira m’chikho cha chipiriro. Kenako a Maras anaganiza zothawa, koma anachita zinthu mosamala kwambiri. Komabe, mosayembekezereka, anakumana ndi Count Brühl ku Dresden, zomwe zinawachititsa mantha osaneneka: kodi n'zotheka kuti mtumiki wamphamvuyonse adzadziwitse kazembe wa Prussia za othawa? Amatha kumveka - pamaso pawo adayima chitsanzo cha Voltaire wamkulu, yemwe kotala la zaka zana zapitazo ku Frankfurt anamangidwa ndi ofufuza a mfumu ya Prussia. Koma zonse zidayenda bwino, adawoloka malire opulumutsa ndi Bohemia ndikufika ku Vienna kudzera ku Prague. Old Fritz, atamva za kuthawa, poyamba adachita chipolowe ndipo adatumiza mthenga ku khoti la Vienna kuti abwerere kwa wothawayo. Vienna anatumiza yankho, ndipo nkhondo ya zolemba zaukazembe inayamba, momwe mfumu ya Prussia mosayembekezereka inaika zida zake pansi. Koma sanadzikane chisangalalo cha kulankhula za Mara ndi kusuliza kwanthanthi: “Mkazi amene wadzipereka kotheratu ndi kotheratu kwa mwamuna akuyerekezeredwa ndi galu wosaka nyama: pamene akumenyedwa kwambiri, m’pamenenso amatumikira mbuye wake modzipereka kwambiri.”

Poyamba, kudzipereka kwa mwamuna wake sikunabweretse mwayi waukulu wa Elizabeti. Khothi la Vienna lidavomereza prima donna ya "Prussian" mozizira kwambiri, Archduchess wakale Marie-Theresa yekha, yemwe adawonetsa chikondi, adamupatsa kalata yolimbikitsa mwana wake wamkazi, Mfumukazi ya ku France Marie Antoinette. Awiriwa adayimanso ku Munich. Panthawiyi, Mozart adapanga opera yake Idomeneo kumeneko. Malinga ndi iye, Elizabeti “sanakhale ndi mwayi womukondweretsa.” "Iye amachita zochepa kwambiri kuti akhale ngati mwana wachiwerewere (ndiwo udindo wake), komanso zambiri kuti zifike pamtima ndi kuimba bwino."

Mozart ankadziŵa bwino lomwe kuti Elisabeth Mara, iye sanali kuŵerengera kwambiri nyimbo zake. Mwina zimenezi zinakhudza maganizo ake. Kwa ife, chinthu china chofunika kwambiri: pamenepa, nyengo ziwiri zachilendo zinagundana, zakale, zomwe zinazindikira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri mu opera ya ukoma wa nyimbo, ndi yatsopano, yomwe inkafuna kugonjera nyimbo ndi mawu. kuchita zazikulu.

The Maras anapereka zoimbaimba pamodzi, ndipo izo zinachitika kuti cellist wokongola anali wopambana kuposa mkazi wake inelegant. Koma ku Paris, pambuyo pa sewero mu 1782, iye anakhala mfumukazi yopanda korona wa siteji, pamene mwiniwake wa contralto Lucia Todi, mbadwa ya Chipwitikizi, anali atalamulira kale. Ngakhale kusiyana kwamawu pakati pa ma prima donnas, mkangano waukulu udabuka. Paris yanyimbo kwa miyezi yambiri idagawidwa kukhala Todists ndi Maratists, odzipereka kwambiri ku mafano awo. Mara adadziwonetsera yekha kuti Marie Antoinette adamupatsa udindo wa woimba woyamba wa France. Tsopano London ankafunanso kumva prima donna wotchuka, amene, pokhala Mjeremani, anaimba mwaumulungu. Palibe amene adakumbukira mtsikana wopemphapempha yemwe zaka makumi awiri zapitazo adachoka ku England ali wokhumudwa ndikubwerera ku Continent. Tsopano iye wabwerera mu kuwala kwa ulemerero. Konsati yoyamba ku Pantheon - ndipo adagonjetsa kale mitima ya British. Adapatsidwa ulemu womwe palibe woyimba yemwe adamudziwa kuyambira ma prima donnas anthawi ya Handel. Kalonga wa Wales anakhala wosilira wake wachangu, mwachionekere anagonjetsa osati kokha ndi luso lapamwamba kuimba. Nayenso, monga kwina kulikonse, anamva kukhala kwawo ku England, popanda chifukwa chinali chophweka kwa iye kulankhula ndi kulemba mu Chingerezi. Pambuyo pake, pamene nyengo ya opera ya ku Italy inayamba, adayimbanso ku Royal Theatre, koma kupambana kwake kwakukulu kunabweretsedwa ndi zisudzo zomwe Londoners adzakumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali. Iye anachita makamaka ntchito Handel, amene British, ndi kusintha pang'ono kalembedwe dzina lake, m'malo mwa oimba zoweta.

Chikumbutso cha zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu za imfa yake chinali chochitika cha mbiri yakale ku England. Zikondwerero pamwambowu zinatha masiku atatu, chigawo chawo chinali kuwonetsera kwa oratorio "Mesiya", yomwe inapezeka ndi Mfumu George II mwiniwake. Gulu loimba loimbalo linali ndi oimba 258, gulu lakwaya la anthu 270 linaima pabwalo, ndipo pamwamba pa maphokoso amphamvu amene anatulutsa, mawu a Elizabeth Mara, wapadera mu kukongola kwake, anadzuka: “Ndidziŵa kuti mpulumutsi wanga ali moyo.” Anthu a ku Britain achifundo anafika pa chisangalalo chenicheni. Pambuyo pake, Mara analemba kuti: “Pamene ine, ndikuika moyo wanga wonse m’mawu anga, ndinaimba za wamkulu ndi woyera, za chimene chiri chamtengo wapatali kwa munthu kosatha, ndipo omvetsera anga, odzazidwa ndi chidaliro, akupuma, akumvera chisoni, anamvetsera kwa ine. , ndinadziona ngati woyera mtima” . Mawu oona mtima otsimikizirika ameneŵa, olembedwa paukalamba, amasintha lingaliro loyambirira limene lingathe kupangidwa mosavuta kuchokera ku chidziŵitso chachidule cha ntchito ya Mara: kuti iye, pokhala wokhoza kudziŵa bwino mawu ake modabwitsa, anali wokhutira ndi kunyezimira kwachiphamaso kwa bwalo lamilandu la bravura opera. ndipo sanafune china chirichonse. Zikuoneka kuti anatero! Ku England, komwe kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu adakhala yekha woimba wa oratorios Handel, komwe adayimba "Creation of the World" ya Haydn mu "njira yaungelo" - umu ndi momwe wodziwa mawu wokondwa adayankhira - Mara adasandulika kukhala wojambula wamkulu. Zokumana nazo zamaganizo za mkazi wokalamba, amene anadziŵa kutha kwa ziyembekezo, kubadwanso kwawo ndi kukhumudwitsidwa, ndithudi zinathandizira kulimbitsa kwa kumveketsa bwino kwa kuimba kwake.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adapitirizabe kukhala wolemera "mtheradi prima donna", wokondedwa wa khoti, yemwe adalandira malipiro osamveka. Komabe, kupambana kwakukulu kunamuyembekezera kudziko lakwawo la bel canto, ku Turin - kumene mfumu ya Sardinia inamuitanira ku nyumba yake yachifumu - ndi ku Venice, kumene kuchokera ku sewero loyamba adawonetsa kupambana kwake pa Brigida Banti wotchuka. Anthu okonda zisudzo, atapsa mtima chifukwa cha kuyimba kwa Mara, anam’lemekeza modabwitsa kwambiri: woimbayo atangomaliza kuimba, anagwetsera matalala pabwalo la masewera a San Samuele, kenako anabweretsa chithunzi chake chopaka mafuta panjira. , ndi miuni m’manja mwawo, anatsogolera woimbayo kudutsa makamu a owonerera osangalala akusonyeza chisangalalo chawo ndi kulira kwakukulu. Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti Elizabeth Mara atafika ku Paris wosintha zinthu paulendo wake wopita ku England mu 1792, chithunzi chimene anaona chinamuvutitsa mosalekeza, kum’kumbutsa za kusinthasintha kwa chimwemwe. Ndipo apa woyimbayo adazunguliridwa ndi makamu, koma makamu aanthu omwe anali mumkhalidwe wamisala komanso chipwirikiti. Pa New Bridge, yemwe anali woyang'anira wake wakale, Marie Antoinette, adamudutsa, ali wotumbululuka, atavala mikanjo ya ndende, adakumana ndi chipwirikiti ndi chipongwe kuchokera kwa anthu. Akulira mokulira, Mara anabweza mwamantha kuchokera pa zenera la ngolo ndi kuyesa kuchoka mu mzinda wopandukawo mwamsanga monga momwe kungathekere, zimene sizinali zophweka.

Ku London, moyo wake unakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe lonyansa la mwamuna wake. Popeza anali chidakwa ndiponso waphokoso, iye ananyengerera Elizabeti ndi zamatsenga zake pamalo opezeka anthu ambiri. Zinatenga zaka ndi zaka kuti asiye kupeza chowiringula kaamba ka iye: chisudzulo chinachitika kokha mu 1795. Mwina chifukwa cha kukhumudwa ndi ukwati wosapambana, kapena chifukwa cha ludzu la moyo limene linabuka mwa mkazi wokalamba. , koma kale kwambiri kuti chisudzulo chisanachitike, Elizabeti anakumana ndi amuna awiri omwe anali pafupifupi ngati ana ake.

Anali kale m'chaka chake cha makumi anayi ndi ziwiri pamene anakumana ndi Mfalansa wazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ku London. Henri Buscarin, mbadwa ya banja lakale lolemekezeka, anali wosilira wake wodzipereka kwambiri. Komabe, mu mtundu wakhungu, ankakonda kwa iye woyimba zitoliro dzina lake Florio, munthu wamba kwambiri, Komanso, zaka makumi awiri wamng'ono kuposa iye. Pambuyo pake, iye anakhala woyang’anira nyumba ya mkaziyo, anagwira ntchito zimenezi mpaka ukalamba wake ndipo anapeza ndalama zambiri pa izo. Ndi Buscaren, anali ndi ubale wodabwitsa kwa zaka makumi anai ndi ziwiri, zomwe zinali zosakaniza zovuta za chikondi, ubwenzi, kukhumba, kusaganizira komanso kukayikira. Kulemberana makalata pakati pawo kunatha pamene anali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi zitatu, ndipo iye - potsiriza! - adayambitsa banja pachilumba chakutali cha Martinique. Makalata awo okhudza mtima, olembedwa m’kalembedwe ka malemu a Werther, amatulutsa zoseketsa.

Mu 1802, Mara anachoka ku London, amene ndi chidwi chomwecho ndi chiyamiko anatsazikana kwa iye. Mawu ake pafupifupi sanataye chithumwa chake, m'dzinja la moyo wake iye pang'onopang'ono, ndi kudzidalira, anatsika kuchokera pamwamba pa ulemerero. Iye anapita ku malo osaiwalika ali mwana ku Kassel, ku Berlin, kumene prima donna ya mfumu yomwe inamwalira kalekale sanaiwale, anakopa anthu masauzande ambiri ku konsati ya tchalitchi imene anachita nawo. Ngakhale anthu okhala ku Vienna, omwe kale adamulandira bwino kwambiri, adagwa pamapazi ake. Kupatulapo anali Beethoven - anali akukayikirabe Mara.

Ndiye Russia anakhala mmodzi wa malo otsiriza pa moyo wake. Chifukwa cha dzina lake lalikulu, adalandiridwa nthawi yomweyo ku khoti la St. Sanayambenso kuyimba mu opera, koma zisudzo m'makonsati ndi pa maphwando ndi olemekezeka zinabweretsa ndalama kotero kuti iye anawonjezera kwambiri chuma chake kale. Poyamba ankakhala ku likulu la Russia, koma mu 1811 anasamukira ku Moscow ndi changu kuchita zongopeka dziko.

Tsoka loipa linamulepheretsa kukhala zaka zomaliza za moyo wake mu ulemerero ndi chitukuko, zomwe adazipeza zaka zambiri zoimba pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za ku Ulaya. Mu moto wa Moscow, zonse zimene anawonongeka, ndipo iye anayenera kuthawa kachiwiri, nthawi ino ku zoopsa za nkhondo. Usiku umodzi wokha, iye anasandulika, ngati sanali wopemphapempha, koma kukhala mkazi wosauka. Potsatira chitsanzo cha anzake ena, Elizabeth anapita kwa Revel. M’tawuni yakale yachigawo yokhala ndi misewu yokhotakhota, yonyadira kokha ndi mbiri yake yakale ya Hanseatic, komabe munali bwalo la zisudzo la ku Germany. Odziwa luso la mawu ochokera pakati pa nzika zodziwika bwino atazindikira kuti tauni yawo idasangalatsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa prima donna yayikulu, moyo wanyimbo momwemo unatsitsimutsidwa modabwitsa.

Komabe, china chake chinachititsa mayi wokalambayo kusamuka kumene anazolowera ndi kuyamba ulendo wautali wa makilomita zikwizikwi, kuwopseza zodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana. Mu 1820, adayimilira pabwalo la Royal Theatre ku London ndikuyimba nyimbo ya Guglielmi, aria kuchokera ku oratorio ya Handel "Solomon", Paer's cavatina - ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu chimodzi! Wotsutsa wochirikiza amayamika "ulemu ndi kukoma kwake, coloratura wokongola ndi trill inimitable" m'njira iliyonse, koma zoona zake, ndithudi, ndi mthunzi chabe wa Elisabeth Mara wakale.

Sizinali ludzu lochedwa kutchuka lomwe linamupangitsa kuti asamuke mwamphamvu kuchoka ku Reval kupita ku London. Amatsogozedwa ndi cholinga chomwe chimawoneka chosatheka, chifukwa cha msinkhu wake: wodzazidwa ndi chikhumbo, akuyembekezera kubwera kwa bwenzi lake komanso wokondedwa Bouscaren wochokera ku Martinique yakutali! Makalata amawuluka uku ndi uku, ngati kuti akumvera chifuniro chachinsinsi cha wina. “Kodi nanunso ndinu mfulu? akufunsa. "Osazengereza, Elizabeth wokondedwa, kundiuza zomwe ukukonzekera." Yankho lake silinafike kwa ife, koma zimadziwika kuti amamudikirira ku London kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka, ndikusokoneza maphunziro ake, ndipo zitatha izi, popita kunyumba kwa Revel, kuyima ku Berlin, adamva kuti Buscarin adafika ku Paris.

Koma nthawi yatha. Ngakhale kwa iye. Sathamangira m'manja mwa bwenzi lake, koma kusungulumwa kosangalatsa, kukona ya dziko lapansi komwe adamva bwino komanso bata - ku Revel. Komabe, kulemberana makalata kunapitiriza kwa zaka zina khumi. M'kalata yake yomaliza yochokera ku Paris, Buscarin akufotokoza kuti nyenyezi yatsopano yatuluka pachimake - Wilhelmina Schroeder-Devrient.

Elisabeth Mara anamwalira posachedwa. Mbadwo watsopano watenga malo ake. Anna Milder-Hauptmann, Leonore woyamba wa Beethoven, yemwe anapereka msonkho kwa prima donna wakale wa Frederick Wamkulu pamene anali ku Russia, tsopano wakhala wotchuka. Berlin, Paris, London anayamika Henrietta Sontag ndi Wilhelmine Schroeder-Devrient.

Palibe amene adadabwa kuti oimba aku Germany adakhala ma prima donnas. Koma Mara anawatsegulira njira. Iye ndiye mwini wake wa kanjedza.

K. Khonolka (kumasulira - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)