Gustav Mahler |

Gustav Mahler

Munthu yemwe anali ndi chidwi chachikulu komanso choyera chaluso chanthawi yathu ino. T. Mann

Wolemba nyimbo wamkulu wa ku Austria G. Mahler ananena kuti kwa iye “kulemba nyimbo zoimbira kumatanthauza kumanga dziko latsopano ndi njira zonse zaumisiri zimene zilipo. Moyo wanga wonse ndakhala ndikulemba nyimbo za chinthu chimodzi chokha: ndingakhale bwanji wokondwa ngati munthu wina akuvutika kwinakwake. Ndi maximalism otere, "kumanga dziko lapansi" mu nyimbo, kukwaniritsa mgwirizano kumakhala vuto lovuta kwambiri, lomwe silingatheke. Mahler, makamaka, amamaliza mwambo wa filosofi yakale-romantic symphonism (L. Beethoven - F. Schubert - J. Brahms - P. Tchaikovsky - A. Bruckner), yomwe imafuna kuyankha mafunso osatha a kukhala, kudziwa malo. wa munthu mu dziko.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, kumvetsetsa kwa munthu payekha monga mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi "chotengera" cha chilengedwe chonse chinali ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri. Mahler anamva bwino; ndipo iliyonse ya ma symphonies ake ndi kuyesa kwamphamvu kuti mupeze mgwirizano, mwamphamvu komanso nthawi iliyonse njira yapadera yofunafuna chowonadi. Kufufuza kwa kulenga kwa Mahler kunayambitsa kuphwanya malingaliro okhazikika okhudza kukongola, kuoneka opanda mawonekedwe, kusagwirizana, eclecticism; Wopeka nyimboyo anaimika mfundo zake zazikuluzikulu monga ngati zinachokera pa “zidutswa” zosawerengeka za dziko lopasuka. Kufufuza kumeneku kunali chinsinsi cha kusunga chiyero cha mzimu wa munthu mu imodzi mwa nyengo zovuta kwambiri m’mbiri. “Ndine woimba amene amangoyendayenda m’chipululu usiku wa luso lamakono loimba popanda katswiri wonditsogolera ndipo ndili pangozi yokayikira chilichonse kapena kusokera,” analemba motero Mahler.

Mahler anabadwira m'banja losauka lachiyuda ku Czech Republic. Luso lake lanyimbo lidawonekera koyambirira (ali ndi zaka 10 adapereka konsati yake yoyamba yapagulu ngati woyimba piyano). Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Mahler adalowa ku Vienna Conservatory, adatenga maphunziro a symphonist wamkulu wa ku Austria Bruckner, kenako adapita ku maphunziro a mbiri yakale ndi filosofi ku yunivesite ya Vienna. Posakhalitsa ntchito zoyamba zidawonekera: zojambula za zisudzo, nyimbo za orchestral ndi chipinda. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 20, moyo wa Mahler wakhala ukugwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito yake monga kondakitala. Poyamba - opera nyumba m'matauni ang'onoang'ono, koma posakhalitsa - lalikulu malo nyimbo Europe: Prague (1885), Leipzig (1886-88), Budapest (1888-91), Hamburg (1891-97). Kuchita, komwe Mahler adadzipereka yekha ndi chidwi chochepa kuposa kupanga nyimbo, kudatenga nthawi yake yonse, ndipo woimbayo adagwira ntchito zazikulu m'chilimwe, popanda ntchito zamasewera. Nthawi zambiri lingaliro la symphony linabadwa kuchokera ku nyimbo. Mahler ndi mlembi wa mawu angapo "zozungulira, zomwe zoyamba ndi "Nyimbo za Wophunzira Woyendayenda", zolembedwa m'mawu akeake, zimamukumbutsa F. Schubert, chisangalalo chake chowala cholankhulana ndi chilengedwe komanso chisoni cha wosungulumwa, wozunzika woyendayenda. Kuchokera m'nyimbozi munakula Symphony Yoyamba (1888), momwe chiyero choyambirira chimabisidwa ndi tsoka lalikulu la moyo; njira yogonjetsera mdima ndikubwezeretsa umodzi ndi chilengedwe.

Mu ma symphonies otsatirawa, wolembayo ali wocheperapo kale mkati mwa dongosolo lachikale la magawo anayi, ndipo amakulitsa, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mawu a ndakatulo monga "chonyamulira cha lingaliro la nyimbo" (F. Klopstock, F. Nietzsche). Ma symphonies achiwiri, achitatu ndi achinayi amalumikizidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa nyimbo "Magic Horn of a Boy". The Symphony Yachiwiri, ponena za chiyambi chimene Mahler ananena kuti pano "anaika m'manda ngwazi ya Symphony Choyamba", umatha ndi kutsimikizira lingaliro lachipembedzo la kuuka kwa akufa. Chachitatu, njira yotulukira imapezeka mu mgonero ndi moyo wosatha wa chilengedwe, womwe umamveka ngati chilengedwe chodzidzimutsa cha mphamvu zofunika. "Nthawi zonse ndimakhumudwa kwambiri ndi mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri, pokamba za" chilengedwe ", nthawi zonse amaganiza za maluwa, mbalame, fungo la nkhalango, ndi zina zotero. Palibe amene amadziwa Mulungu Dionysus, Pan wamkulu."

Mu 1897, Mahler anakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Vienna Court Opera House, zaka 10 za ntchito zomwe zinakhala nthawi ya mbiri ya opera; mwa umunthu wa Mahler, woyimba wanzeru-wotsogolera ndi wotsogolera-wotsogolera nyimbo anaphatikizidwa. “Kwa ine, chisangalalo chachikulu sikuli kuti ndafika paudindo wowoneka bwino, koma tsopano ndapeza dziko lakwathu. banja langa“. Zina mwa zopambana za wotsogolera siteji Mahler ndi zisudzo ndi R. Wagner, KV Gluck, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, B. Smetana, P. Tchaikovsky (The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin, Iolanthe) . Kawirikawiri, Tchaikovsky (monga Dostoevsky) anali pafupi kwambiri ndi mantha a mantha, kuphulika kwa woimba wa ku Austria. Mahler analinso wochititsa chachikulu symphony amene anayenda m'mayiko ambiri (anapita Russia katatu). Ma symphonies omwe adapangidwa ku Vienna adawonetsa gawo latsopano munjira yake yolenga. Chachinayi, chomwe dziko lapansi likuwonekera ndi maso a ana, adadabwitsa omvera ndi malire omwe sanali a Mahler kale, mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi stylized, neoclassical ndipo, zikuwoneka, nyimbo zopanda mitambo. Koma idyll iyi ndi yongopeka: mawu a nyimbo yomwe ili pansi pa symphony amavumbulutsa tanthauzo la ntchito yonse - awa ndi maloto chabe a mwana amoyo wakumwamba; ndipo pakati pa nyimbo za Haydn ndi Mozart, pali mawu osweka kwambiri.

M'magulu atatu otsatirawa (omwe Mahler sagwiritsa ntchito malemba a ndakatulo), mitunduyo nthawi zambiri imaphimbidwa - makamaka mu Sixth, yomwe inalandira mutu wakuti "Zomvetsa chisoni". Magwero ophiphiritsa a nyimbo zanyimbo zimenezi anali “Nyimbo Zonena za Ana Akufa” (yomwe inalembedwa ndi F. Rückert). Panthawi imeneyi ya kulenga, wolembayo akuwoneka kuti sangathenso kupeza njira zothetsera zotsutsana m'moyo weniweni, m'chilengedwe kapena chipembedzo, amaziwona mogwirizana ndi luso lakale (zomaliza zachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri zalembedwa mu kalembedwe. Zapamwamba zazaka za zana la XNUMX ndikusiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo zam'mbuyo).

Mahler anakhala zaka zomalizira za moyo wake (1907-11) mu America (pokhapo pamene iye anali kale kudwala kwambiri, iye anabwerera ku Ulaya kuti akalandire chithandizo). Kusanyengerera polimbana ndi chizoloŵezi cha Vienna Opera kunasokoneza malo a Mahler, kumayambitsa chizunzo chenicheni. Iye akulandira kuitanidwa ku malo a kondakitala wa Metropolitan Opera (New York), ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wochititsa New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

M’zochita za zaka zimenezi, lingaliro la imfa limaphatikizidwa ndi ludzu losonkhezera kulanda kukongola konse kwa dziko lapansi. Mu Eighth Symphony - "symphony ya anthu chikwi" (okulirapo okhestra, 3 kwaya, soloists) - Mahler anayesa mwa njira yake kumasulira lingaliro la Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: kukwaniritsa chisangalalo mu umodzi wapadziko lonse. “Tayerekezani kuti thambo liyamba kulira ndi kulira. Si mawu aumunthunso omwe amaimba, koma kuzungulira dzuŵa ndi mapulaneti,” analemba motero wolemba nyimboyo. Symphony imagwiritsa ntchito gawo lomaliza la "Faust" lolemba JW Goethe. Monga mapeto a symphony ya Beethoven, chochitika ichi ndi apotheosis ya chitsimikiziro, kupindula kwabwino kwambiri mu luso lachikale. Kwa Mahler, kutsatira Goethe, yabwino kwambiri, yotheka kutheka kokha m'moyo wapadziko lapansi, ndi "zachikazi kwamuyaya, zomwe, malinga ndi wolembayo, zimatikopa ife ndi mphamvu yachinsinsi, kuti cholengedwa chilichonse (mwinamwake ngakhale miyala) ndi chitsimikizo chopanda malire chimamveka ngati. pakati pa umunthu wake. Ubale wauzimu ndi Goethe unkamveka nthawi zonse ndi Mahler.

Pa ntchito yonse ya Mahler, kuzungulira kwa nyimbo ndi symphony kunkagwirizana ndipo, potsiriza, anaphatikizana mu symphony-cantata Song of the Earth (1908). Pogwiritsa ntchito mutu wamuyaya wamoyo ndi imfa, Mahler adatembenuza nthawi ino kukhala ndakatulo zaku China zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Kung'anima kowoneka bwino kwa sewero, zowonekera bwino m'chipinda (zokhudzana ndi zojambula zabwino kwambiri zaku China) komanso - kutha mwakachetechete, kupita kumuyaya, kumvetsera mwaulemu, kudikirira - izi ndi mawonekedwe a kalembedwe ka malemu Mahler. "Epilogue" ya zopanga zonse, kutsazikana kunali nyimbo zachisanu ndi chinayi komanso zosamalizidwa za khumi.

Pomaliza zaka za chikondi, Mahler anatsogolera zochitika zambiri za nyimbo za m'zaka za zana lathu. Kuwonjezeka kwa malingaliro, chikhumbo cha kuwonetseredwa kwawo kwakukulu chidzatengedwa ndi owonetsa - A. Schoenberg ndi A. Berg. Ma symphonies a A. Honegger, zisudzo za B. Britten ali ndi chizindikiro cha nyimbo za Mahler. Mahler anali ndi chikoka champhamvu kwambiri pa D. Shostakovich. Kuwona mtima kwenikweni, chifundo chachikulu kwa munthu aliyense, kuganiza mozama kumapangitsa Mahler kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nthawi yathu yopumira.

K. Zenkin