Hector Berlioz |
Hector Berlioz
Lolani ulusi wasiliva wa zongopeka uzizungulira mozungulira malamulo. R. Schumann
G. Berlioz ndi m'modzi mwa olemba nyimbo komanso akatswiri opanga zinthu zakale kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1830. Anapita m'mbiri monga mlengi wa pulogalamu ya symphonism, yomwe inali ndi chikoka chachikulu komanso chopindulitsa pa chitukuko chonse chotsatira cha luso lachikondi. Kwa France, kubadwa kwa chikhalidwe chamtundu wa symphonic kumalumikizidwa ndi dzina la Berlioz. Berlioz ndi woyimba wambiri: wopeka, wokonda, wotsutsa nyimbo, yemwe adateteza zotsogola zademokalase pazaluso, zopangidwa ndi uzimu wa July Revolution wa XNUMX. Ubwana wa wopeka tsogolo anapita mu yabwino chikhalidwe. Bambo ake, omwe anali dokotala mwa ntchito yake, anaphunzitsa mwana wawo kukonda mabuku, zojambulajambula, ndi filosofi. Mothandizidwa ndi zikhulupiriro za abambo ake zosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, malingaliro ake opita patsogolo, ademokalase, malingaliro adziko a Berlioz adayamba. Koma kwa kukula kwa nyimbo za mnyamatayo, zinthu za tawuni yachigawo zinali zochepa kwambiri. Anaphunzira kuimba chitoliro ndi gitala, ndipo nyimbo yokhayo inali kuyimba kutchalitchi - misa ya Lamlungu, yomwe ankakonda kwambiri. Chilakolako cha nyimbo cha Berlioz chinadziwonetsera yekha poyesa kulemba. Awa anali masewero ang'onoang'ono ndi achikondi. Nyimbo ya imodzi mwazachikondi pambuyo pake idaphatikizidwa ngati leitteme mu Fantastic Symphony.
Mu 1821, Berlioz anapita ku Paris ataumirira kuti apite ku Medical School. Koma mankhwala sakopa mnyamata. Pochita chidwi ndi nyimbo, amalota maphunziro apamwamba a nyimbo. Pamapeto pake, Berlioz amasankha yekha kusiya sayansi chifukwa cha luso, ndipo izi zimakwiyitsa makolo ake, omwe sanaganize kuti nyimbo ndi ntchito yoyenera. Amalepheretsa mwana wawo chithandizo chilichonse chakuthupi, ndipo kuyambira pano, woimba wamtsogolo akhoza kudzidalira yekha. Komabe, pokhulupirira tsogolo lake, amatembenuza mphamvu zake zonse, mphamvu zake zonse ndi changu chake kuti adziwe ntchitoyo payekha. Amakhala ngati ngwazi za Balzac kuchokera pamanja kupita pakamwa, m'chipinda chapamwamba, koma samaphonya ntchito imodzi mu opera ndipo amathera nthawi yake yonse yaulere mulaibulale, kuphunzira zambiri.
Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1823, Berlioz anayamba kuphunzira payekha ndi J. Lesueur, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka kwambiri wa m’nthawi ya Great French Revolution. Ndi iye amene anapatsa wophunzira wake kukoma kwa zojambulajambula zazikulu zopangidwira anthu ambiri. Mu 1825, Berlioz, atasonyeza luso lapadera la bungwe, akukonzekera ntchito yake yoyamba yaikulu, Misa Yaikulu. , yogwirizana ndi mitu yosintha zinthu. Poona kufunika kokhala ndi chidziwitso chozama chaukatswiri, mu 1826 Berlioz adalowa mu Paris Conservatory m'kalasi ya Lesueur komanso kalasi yotsutsa ya A. Reicha. Chofunika kwambiri pakupanga mapangidwe a aesthetics a wojambula wachinyamata ndikulankhulana ndi oimira odziwika bwino a zolemba ndi zojambulajambula, kuphatikizapo O. Balzac, V. Hugo, G. Heine, T. Gauthier, A. Dumas, George Sand, F. Chopin. , F. Liszt, N. Paganini. Ndi Liszt, amalumikizidwa ndi maubwenzi apamtima, kusaka kopanga ndi zokonda zake. Pambuyo pake, Liszt adakhala wolimbikitsa nyimbo za Berlioz.
Mu 1830, Berlioz adapanga "Fantastic Symphony" yokhala ndi mutu wang'ono: "An Episode from the Life of an Artist." Imatsegula nyengo yatsopano ya pulogalamu yachikondi ya symphonism, kukhala luso lazoimbaimba zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pulogalamuyi inalembedwa ndi Berlioz ndipo imachokera ku mbiri ya wolembayo - nkhani yachikondi ya chikondi chake kwa wojambula wachingelezi Henrietta Smithson. Komabe, ma autobiographical motifs mu nyimbo zodziwika bwino amapeza tanthauzo la mutu wachikondi wa kusungulumwa kwa ojambula m'masiku ano komanso, mokulira, mutu wa "zongopeka zotayika".
1830 chinali chaka chovuta ku Berlioz. Kutenga nawo gawo lachinayi pampikisano wa Mphotho ya Roma, adapambana, ndikutumiza cantata "Usiku Womaliza wa Sardanapalus" ku jury. Wolembayo amamaliza ntchito yake ku phokoso la chipwirikiti chomwe chinayamba ku Paris ndipo, molunjika kuchokera ku mpikisano, amapita kumalo otchinga kuti agwirizane ndi zigawengazo. M'masiku otsatirawa, atapanga ndi kulembera Marseillaise kwa kwaya iwiri, amabwereza ndi anthu m'mabwalo ndi m'misewu ya Paris.
Berlioz amakhala zaka 2 ngati wophunzira waku Roma ku Villa Medici. Kubwerera kuchokera ku Italy, akupanga ntchito yogwira ntchito ngati wotsogolera, wolemba nyimbo, wotsutsa nyimbo, koma amakumana ndi kukana kwathunthu kwa ntchito yake yatsopano kuchokera kumagulu akuluakulu a ku France. Ndipo izi zidakonzeratu moyo wake wonse wamtsogolo, wodzala ndi zovuta komanso zovuta zakuthupi. Gwero lalikulu la ndalama za Berlioz ndi ntchito yovuta yanyimbo. Zolemba, ndemanga, nkhani zazifupi za nyimbo, feuilletons zinasindikizidwa m'magulu angapo: "Nyimbo ndi Oimba", "Musical Grotesques", "Madzulo mu Orchestra". Malo apakati pa cholowa cha Berlioz adatengedwa ndi Memoirs - mbiri ya wolemba nyimboyo, yolembedwa m'mabuku olembedwa bwino komanso kupereka chithunzi chachikulu cha moyo waluso ndi nyimbo wa Paris zaka zimenezo. Chothandizira chachikulu ku musicology chinali ntchito yongopeka ya Berlioz "Treatise on Instrumentation" (ndi zowonjezera - "Orchestra Conductor").
Mu 1834, pulogalamu yachiwiri ya symphony "Harold ku Italy" inawonekera (yochokera pa ndakatulo ya J. Byron). Gawo lotukuka la solo viola limapereka symphony iyi mawonekedwe a concerto. 1837 idadziwika ndi kubadwa kwa chimodzi mwazolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri za Berlioz, Requiem, zomwe zidapangidwa pokumbukira omwe adazunzidwa ndi Revolution ya Julayi. M'mbiri ya mtundu uwu, Berlioz's Requiem ndi ntchito yapadera yomwe imaphatikiza ma fresco ochititsa chidwi komanso kalembedwe ka malingaliro; maguba, nyimbo za mzimu wa nyimbo za Revolution ya ku France pamodzi tsopano zokhala ndi mawu achikondi ochokera pansi pamtima, tsopano zokhala ndi masitayelo okhwima, osasunthika a nyimbo zamakedzana za Gregorian. The Requiem inalembedwera gulu lalikulu la oimba 200 ndi okhestra yokulirapo yokhala ndi magulu anayi owonjezera amkuwa. Mu 1839, Berlioz anamaliza ntchito pa pulogalamu yachitatu ya symphony Romeo ndi Juliet (yochokera pa tsoka la W. Shakespeare). Mwaluso uwu wa nyimbo za symphonic, chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri cha Berlioz, ndi kaphatikizidwe ka symphony, opera, oratorio ndipo amalola osati konsati, komanso siteji.
Mu 1840, "Maliro ndi Triumphal Symphony" anaonekera, cholinga ntchito panja. Imaperekedwa ku mwambo waulemu wosamutsa phulusa la ngwazi za kuwukira kwa 1830 ndikudzutsa momveka bwino miyambo ya zisudzo za Great French Revolution.
Romeo ndi Juliet aphatikizidwa ndi nthano yochititsa chidwi ya The Damnation of Faust (1846), yotengeranso kaphatikizidwe ka mfundo za symphonism yamapulogalamu ndi nyimbo zamasewera. "Faust" yolembedwa ndi Berlioz ndiye nyimbo yoyamba yowerengera sewero lafilosofi la JW Goethe, lomwe linayala maziko a matanthauzidwe angapo otsatirawa: mu opera (Ch. Gounod), mu symphony (Liszt, G. Mahler), mu ndakatulo ya symphonic (R. Wagner), mu nyimbo za mawu ndi zida (R. Schumann). Peru Berlioz alinso ndi oratorio trilogy "The Childhood of Christ" (1854), mapulogalamu angapo ("King Lear" - 1831, "Roman Carnival" - 1844, etc.), 3 operas ("Benvenuto Cellini" - 1838, the dilogy "Trojans" - 1856-63, "Beatrice ndi Benedict" - 1862) ndi chiwerengero cha mawu ndi zida nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.
Berlioz ankakhala moyo womvetsa chisoni, osapeza kuzindikira kwawo. Zaka zomaliza za moyo wake zinali zakuda komanso zosungulumwa. Zokumbukira zokha zowala za wolembayo zinali zogwirizana ndi maulendo opita ku Russia, omwe adayendera kawiri (1847, 1867-68). Kumeneko ndi komwe adachita bwino kwambiri ndi anthu, kuzindikira kwenikweni pakati pa olemba ndi otsutsa. Kalata yomaliza ya Berlioz wakufa inapita kwa bwenzi lake, wotsutsa wotchuka wa ku Russia V. Stasov.
L. Kokoreva
