Johann Strauss (mwana) |

Johann Strauss (mwana)

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Austria I. Strauss amatchedwa "mfumu ya waltz". Ntchito yake imadzazidwa kwambiri ndi mzimu wa Vienna ndi miyambo yakale yokonda kuvina. Kudzoza kosatha pamodzi ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri kunapangitsa Strauss kukhala wodziwika bwino wa nyimbo zovina. Zikomo kwa iye, waltz waku Viennese adapitilira zaka za zana la XNUMX. ndipo anakhala mbali ya moyo wamakono wa nyimbo.

Strauss anabadwira m'banja lolemera mu miyambo yoimba. Bambo ake, komanso Johann Strauss, adakonza zoyimba zawo m'chaka cha kubadwa kwa mwana wake wamwamuna ndipo adatchuka ku Ulaya konse ndi maulendo ake oimba, polkas.

Bamboyo ankafuna kuti mwana wake wamwamuna akhale wochita bizinesi ndipo ankatsutsa kwambiri maphunziro ake a nyimbo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi luso lalikulu la Johann wamng'ono komanso chikhumbo chake cha nyimbo. Mwachinsinsi kwa abambo ake, amaphunzira maphunziro a violin kuchokera kwa F. Amon (wothandizira gulu la oimba la Strauss) ndipo ali ndi zaka 6 analemba waltz yake yoyamba. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kafukufuku wozama wa zolemba motsogoleredwa ndi I. Drexler.

Mu 1844, Strauss wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi anasonkhanitsa gulu la oimba kuchokera kwa oimba a msinkhu womwewo ndikukonza madzulo ake oyamba kuvina. Woyamba wachinyamatayo adakhala mdani wowopsa kwa abambo ake (omwe panthawiyo anali wotsogolera gulu la oimba a bwalo lamilandu). Moyo wozama wa kulenga wa Strauss Jr. umayamba, pang'onopang'ono kupambana pachifundo cha Viennese.

Wopeka nyimboyo anaonekera pamaso pa gulu la oimba ndi violin. Anayendetsa ndikusewera nthawi yomweyo (monga masiku a I. Haydn ndi WA ​​Mozart), ndipo adalimbikitsa omvera ndi machitidwe ake.

Strauss anagwiritsira ntchito mpangidwe wa waltz wa ku Viennese umene I. Lanner ndi atate wake anapanga: “maluwa” a nyimbo zingapo, nthaŵi zambiri zisanu, zokhala ndi mawu oyamba ndi omaliza. Koma kukongola ndi kutsitsimuka kwa nyimbozo, kusalala kwake ndi nyimbo, phokoso lachi Mozartian, lomveka bwino la okhestra ndi violin yoimba mwauzimu, chisangalalo chochuluka cha moyo - zonsezi zimatembenuza ma waltze a Strauss kukhala ndakatulo zachikondi. M'kati mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangidwira nyimbo zovina, zojambulajambula zimapangidwa zomwe zimapereka chisangalalo chenicheni. Mayina a pulogalamu ya Strauss waltzes adawonetsa malingaliro ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Pa kusintha kwa 1848, "Nyimbo za Ufulu", "Nyimbo za Barricades" zinalengedwa, mu 1849 - "Waltz-obituary" pa imfa ya abambo ake. Kumverera kwaudani kwa abambo ake (anayambitsa banja lina kalekale) sikunasokoneze kusilira nyimbo zake (kenako Strauss adakonza zolemba zake zonse).

Kutchuka kwa wolembayo kukukula pang'onopang'ono ndikudutsa malire a Austria. Mu 1847 adayendera Serbia ndi Romania, mu 1851 - ku Germany, Czech Republic ndi Poland, ndipo, kwa zaka zambiri, amapita ku Russia.

Mu 1856-65. Strauss amatenga nawo mbali m'nyengo yachilimwe ku Pavlovsk (pafupi ndi St. Petersburg), komwe amapereka ma concerts mu nyumba ya siteshoni ndipo, pamodzi ndi nyimbo zake zovina, amachita ntchito za oimba a ku Russia: M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Serov. Waltz "Farewell to St. Petersburg", polka "M'nkhalango ya Pavlovsk", piyano yongopeka "Mumudzi wa Russia" (yopangidwa ndi A. Rubinshtein) ndi ena amagwirizana ndi zokopa zochokera ku Russia.

Mu 1863-70. Strauss ndi kondakitala wa mipira ya khothi ku Vienna. Pazaka izi, ma waltzes ake abwino kwambiri adalengedwa: "Pa Blue Danube Yokongola", "Moyo wa Wojambula", "Nthano za Vienna Woods", "Sangalalani ndi Moyo", ndi zina zotero. Mphatso yachilendo ya nyimbo (wolembayo anati: "Nyimbo zoyimba zimachokera kwa ine ngati madzi ochokera ku crane"), komanso luso losowa kugwira ntchito linalola Strauss kulemba ma waltzes 168, 117 polkas, 73 quadrilles, mazurkas ndi gallops oposa 30, maulendo 43, ndi operetta 15 m'moyo wake.

70s - chiyambi cha gawo latsopano mu moyo wa kulenga wa Strauss, yemwe, pa uphungu wa J. Offenbach, adatembenukira ku mtundu wa operetta. Limodzi ndi F. Suppe ndi K. Millöcker, anakhala mlengi wa Viennese classical operetta.

Strauss sakukopeka ndi mawonekedwe amasewera a Offenbach; monga lamulo, iye amalemba mokondwera nyimbo comedies, chachikulu (ndipo nthawi zambiri yekha) chithumwa amene ndi nyimbo.

Waltzes wochokera ku operettas Die Fledermaus (1874), Cagliostro ku Vienna (1875), The Queen's Lace Handkerchief (1880), Night in Venice (1883), Viennese Blood (1899) ndi ena.

Pakati pa operettas a Strauss, The Gypsy Baron (1885) ndi wodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi chiwembu chovuta kwambiri, chomwe adachipanga poyamba ngati opera ndikutengera zina mwazinthu zake (makamaka, kuwunikira kwanyimbo-kwachikondi kwamalingaliro enieni, akuzama: ufulu, chikondi, umunthu. ulemu).

Nyimbo za operetta zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zojambula za Hungarian-Gypsy ndi mitundu, monga Čardas. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, woimbayo amalemba sewero lake lokhalo "The Knight Pasman" (1892) ndipo amagwira ntchito pa ballet Cinderella (yosamalizidwa). Monga kale, ngakhale mu ziwerengero zing'onozing'ono, ma waltzes osiyana amawonekera, odzaza, monga m'zaka zawo zazing'ono, zosangalatsa zenizeni ndi chisangalalo chonyezimira: "Spring Voices" (1882). "Imperial Waltz" (1890). Maulendo oyendayenda samayimanso: kupita ku USA (1872), komanso ku Russia (1869, 1872, 1886).

Nyimbo za Strauss zinasiyidwa ndi R. Schumann ndi G. Berlioz, F. Liszt ndi R. Wagner. G. Bulow ndi I. Brahms (mnzake wakale wa wolemba nyimbo). Kwa zaka zoposa XNUMX, iye wagonjetsa mitima ya anthu ndipo sasiya kukongola kwake.

K. Zenkin

Johann Strauss adalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX ngati katswiri wovina komanso nyimbo zatsiku ndi tsiku. Anabweretsa momwemo zaluso zenizeni, kukulitsa ndikukulitsa mawonekedwe amtundu waku Austrian kuvina. Ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Strauss zimadziwika ndi juiciness ndi kuphweka kwa zithunzi, chuma chosatha cha nyimbo, kuwona mtima ndi chibadwa cha chinenero cha nyimbo. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti atchuke kwambiri pakati pa omvera ambiri.

Strauss analemba mazana anayi ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, maulendo ndi ntchito zina za konsati ndi dongosolo la nyumba (kuphatikizapo zolemba za operettas). Kudalira kayimbidwe ndi njira zina zowonetsera kuvina kwa anthu kumapangitsa kuti ntchitozi zikhale chizindikiro cha dziko. Anthu a m'nthawi yake amatchedwa Strauss waltzes nyimbo zokonda dziko lako popanda mawu. Mu zithunzi zoimbira, iye anasonyeza kwambiri moona mtima ndi wokongola mbali ya khalidwe la anthu Austria, kukongola kwa malo ake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito ya Strauss inatenga mbali za zikhalidwe zamitundu ina, makamaka nyimbo za Chihangare ndi Asilavo. Izi zikugwira ntchito m'njira zambiri ku ntchito zomwe Strauss adapanga pamasewera oimba, kuphatikiza ma operetta khumi ndi asanu, opera imodzi yamasewera ndi ballet imodzi.

Olemba ndi oimba akuluakulu - Anthu a m'nthawi ya Strauss adayamikira kwambiri luso lake lapamwamba komanso luso lapamwamba monga wolemba nyimbo ndi wochititsa chidwi. “Wamatsenga wodabwitsa! Ntchito zake (iye ankazitsogolera) zinandipatsa chisangalalo chanyimbo chomwe sindinakhale nacho kwa nthawi yayitali," Hans Bülow analemba za Strauss. Kenako anawonjezera kuti: "Izi ndi luso lochita zaluso malinga ndi mtundu wake wawung'ono. Pali china choti tiphunzire kuchokera kwa Strauss pakusewera kwa Ninth Symphony kapena Beethoven's Pathétique Sonata. Mawu a Schumann alinso ochititsa chidwi: “Zinthu ziŵiri padziko lapansi nzovuta kwambiri,” iye anatero, “choyamba, kupeza kutchuka, ndipo chachiŵiri, kuchisunga. Ndi ambuye owona okha omwe amapambana: kuchokera ku Beethoven kupita ku Strauss - aliyense mwa njira yake. Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Brahms analankhula mosangalala za Strauss. Ndikumva chisoni chachikulu Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov ndi Tchaikovsky adalankhula za iye ngati woimba nyimbo za symphonic zaku Russia. Ndipo mu 1884, pamene Vienna anakondwerera mwaulemu chaka cha 40 cha Strauss, A. Rubinstein, m’malo mwa akatswiri aluso a ku St.

Kuvomereza kotere kwa luso la Strauss ndi oimira osiyanasiyana azaka za zana la XNUMX kumatsimikizira kutchuka kwa woyimba wodziwika bwino uyu, yemwe ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri zikadali zosangalatsa kwambiri.

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Strauss amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi moyo wanyimbo wa Viennese, ndikukwera ndikukula kwa miyambo yademokalase ya nyimbo zaku Austria zazaka za zana la XNUMX, zomwe zidadziwonetsa bwino pamasewera ovina tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, zida zazing'ono, zomwe zimatchedwa "chapels", zakhala zikudziwika m'madera akumidzi a Viennese, ndikuchita anthu wamba, kuvina kwa Tyrolean kapena Styrian m'malo odyetserako alendo. Atsogoleri a matchalitchi ankaona kuti ndi ntchito yaulemu kupanga nyimbo zatsopano zimene anazipanga okha. Pamene nyimboyi ya midzi ya ku Viennese inalowa m'maholo akuluakulu a mzindawo, mayina a omwe adawalenga adadziwika.

Chotero oyambitsa “mzera wa waltz” anafika pa ulemerero Joseph Lanner (1801-1843) ndi Johann Strauss Senior (1804-1849). Woyamba anali mwana wa wosula magolovesi, wachiwiri anali mwana wa woyang'anira nyumba ya alendo; onse kuyambira ubwana wawo ankaimba zida zoimbira, ndipo kuyambira 1825 anali kale ndi zingwe zawo zazing'ono orchestra. Posakhalitsa, Liner ndi Strauss amasiyana - abwenzi amakhala opikisana. Aliyense amachita bwino popanga nyimbo yatsopano ya oimba ake.

Chaka chilichonse, chiwerengero cha omwe akupikisana nawo chikuwonjezeka kwambiri. Ndipo komabe aliyense waphimbidwa ndi Strauss, yemwe amapanga maulendo ku Germany, France, ndi England ndi oimba ake. Akuthamanga ndi chipambano chachikulu. Koma, potsiriza, alinso ndi mdani, waluso kwambiri komanso wamphamvu. Uyu ndi mwana wake, Johann Strauss Jr., wobadwa October 25, 1825.

Mu 1844, I. Strauss, wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, atalemba oimba khumi ndi asanu, adakonza madzulo ake oyamba kuvina. Kuyambira pano, kulimbana kwapamwamba ku Vienna kumayamba pakati pa bambo ndi mwana wake, Strauss Jr. "Mpikisano" udapitilira pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndipo udafupikitsidwa ndi imfa ya Strauss Sr wazaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu. (Ngakhale kuti panalibe ubale wovuta, Strauss Jr. ankanyadira luso la atate wake. Mu 1889, iye anasindikiza mavinidwe ake m’mavoliyumu asanu ndi aŵiri (XNUMX waltzes, gallops and quadrilles), kumene m’mawu oyamba, mwa zina, analemba. : “Ngakhale kuti kwa ine, monga mwana, sikuli koyenera kulengeza atate, koma ndiyenera kunena kuti chinali chiyamiko kwa iye kuti nyimbo zovina za ku Viennese zinafalikira padziko lonse lapansi.”)

Panthawiyi, ndiko kuti, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50, kutchuka kwa mwana wake ku Ulaya kunali kophatikizidwa.

Chofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi chiitano cha Strauss cha nyengo yachilimwe ku Pavlovsk, yomwe ili m’dera lokongola kwambiri pafupi ndi St. Kwa nyengo khumi ndi ziwiri, kuyambira 1855 mpaka 1865, ndipo kachiwiri mu 1869 ndi 1872, adayendera Russia ndi mchimwene wake Joseph, woimba ndi wotsogolera waluso. (Joseph Strauss (1827-1870) nthawi zambiri ankalemba pamodzi ndi Johann; motero, kulembedwa kwa Polka Pizzicato wotchuka ndi wa onse awiri. Panalinso m'bale wachitatu - Edward, amenenso ankaimba nyimbo ndi kondakitala. Mu 1900, iye kusungunuka Chapel, amene mosalekeza kukonzanso zikuchokera ake, analipo motsogozedwa ndi Strauss kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi awiri.)

Makonsati, omwe adaperekedwa kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembala, adapezeka ndi omvera masauzande ambiri ndipo adatsagana ndi chipambano chosasinthika. Johann Strauss anamvetsera kwambiri ntchito za olemba a ku Russia, adachita zina mwazo kwa nthawi yoyamba (zochokera ku Serov's Judith mu 1862, kuchokera ku Voyevoda ya Tchaikovsky mu 1865); kuyambira mu 1856, nthawi zambiri ankachititsa nyimbo za Glinka, ndipo mu 1864 adapereka pulogalamu yapadera kwa iye. Ndipo m'ntchito yake, Strauss adawonetsa mutu waku Russia: nyimbo zachikhalidwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu waltz "Farewell to Petersburg" (op. 210), "Russian Fantasy March" (op. 353), fantasy ya piano "Mumudzi waku Russia" (op. 355, nthawi zambiri amachitidwa ndi A. Rubinstein) ndi ena. Johann Strauss nthawizonse amakumbukira mosangalala zaka za kukhala ku Russia (Nthaŵi yomaliza imene Strauss anapita ku Russia inali mu 1886 ndipo anapereka ma concert khumi ku Petersburg.).

Chotsatira chotsatira cha ulendo wopambana ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kusintha kwa mbiri yake kunali ulendo wopita ku America mu 1872; Strauss adapereka makonsati khumi ndi anayi ku Boston mnyumba yomangidwa mwapadera yopangidwira omvera zikwi zana limodzi. Chiwonetserocho chinabwera ndi oimba zikwi makumi awiri - oimba ndi oimba nyimbo ndi otsogolera zana - othandizira a Strauss. Concertos "chilombo" choterocho, chobadwa ndi bizinesi ya bourgeois yopanda mfundo, sichinapatse woimbayo chisangalalo chojambula. M'tsogolomu, iye anakana maulendo oterowo, ngakhale kuti akanatha kubweretsa ndalama zambiri.

Nthawi zambiri, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, maulendo oimba a Strauss achepetsedwa kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha zidutswa zovina ndi zoyenda zomwe adalenga zikutsikanso. (M'zaka za 1844-1870, magule mazana atatu ndi makumi anayi ndi awiri adalembedwa; m'zaka za 1870-1899, masewero zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri amtunduwu, osawerengera kusinthika, zongopeka, ndi ma medleys pamitu ya operettas yake. .)

Nthawi yachiwiri ya zilandiridwenso imayamba, makamaka yokhudzana ndi mtundu wa operetta. Strauss analemba ntchito yake yoyamba yoimba ndi zisudzo mu 1870. Ndi mphamvu zopanda ntchito, koma ndi kupambana kosiyanasiyana, anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mumtunduwu mpaka masiku ake otsiriza. Strauss anamwalira pa June 3, 1899 ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zinayi.

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Johann Strauss adakhala zaka makumi asanu ndi zisanu pakupanga. Anali wolimbikira kawirikawiri, kulemba mosalekeza, muzochitika zilizonse. “Nyimbo zanyimbo zimatuluka kwa ine ngati madzi a pampopi,” iye anatero mwanthabwala. Mu cholowa chachikulu cha Strauss, komabe, sikuti zonse ndizofanana. Zina mwa zolemba zake zili ndi zizindikiro za ntchito yopupuluma, yosasamala. Nthaŵi zina woimbayo ankatsogozedwa ndi zokonda zobwerera m’mbuyo mwaluso za omvera ake. Koma ambiri anatha kuthetsa limodzi mwa mavuto ovuta kwambiri a nthawi yathu.

M'zaka zomwe mabuku oimba a salon otsika, omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi amalonda ochenjera a bourgeois, anali ndi zotsatira zowononga pa maphunziro a anthu, Strauss adalenga ntchito zamakono, zomveka komanso zomveka kwa anthu ambiri. Ndi chiyeso cha luso lazojambula "zozama", adayandikira nyimbo "zopepuka" ndipo adakwanitsa kuchotsa mzere womwe umalekanitsa mtundu wa "mkulu" (konsati, zisudzo) ndi zomwe zimati "zotsika" (zapakhomo, zosangalatsa). Olemba ena akuluakulu akale anachitanso chimodzimodzi, mwachitsanzo, Mozart, amene panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "wapamwamba" ndi "otsika" muzojambula. Koma tsopano panali nthawi zina - kuukira kwa bourgeois vulgarity ndi philistinism kuyenera kutsutsidwa ndi mtundu wosinthidwa mwaluso, wopepuka, wosangalatsa.

Izi ndi zomwe Strauss anachita.

M. Druskin

Mndandanda wachidule wa ntchito:

Ntchito za konsati-nyumba dongosolo waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, march ndi ena (chidutswa chonse cha 477) Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa: "Perpetuum mobile" ("Perpetual motion") op. 257 (1867) "Morning Leaf", waltz op. 279 (1864) Mpira wa Lawyers, polka op. 280 (1864) "Persian March" op. 289 (1864) "Blue Danube", waltz op. 314 (1867) "Moyo wa Wojambula", waltz op. 316 (1867) "Nthano za Vienna Woods", waltz op. 325 (1868) "Sangalalani m'moyo", waltz op. 340 (1870) "1001 Nights", waltz (kuchokera ku operetta "Indigo ndi 40 Thieves") op. 346 (1871) "Viennese Magazi", waltz op. 354 (1872) "Tick-tock", polka (kuchokera ku operetta "Die Fledermaus") op. 365 (1874) "Inu ndi Inu", waltz (kuchokera ku operetta "The Bat") op. 367 (1874) "Beautiful May", waltz (kuchokera ku operetta "Methuselah") op. 375 (1877) "Roses from the South", waltz (kuchokera ku operetta "The Queen's Lace Handkerchief") op. 388 (1880) "The Kissing Waltz" (kuchokera ku operetta "Merry War") op. 400 (1881) "Mawu a Spring", waltz op. 410 (1882) "Favorite Waltz" (yochokera pa "The Gypsy Baron") op. 418 (1885) "Imperial Waltz" op. 437 "Pizzicato Polka" (pamodzi ndi Josef Strauss) Operettas (zokwanira 15) Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa: The Bat, libretto by Meilhac and Halévy (1874) Night in Venice, libretto by Zell and Genet (1883) The Gypsy Baron, libretto by Schnitzer (1885) sewero lamasewera "Knight Pasman", lolembedwa ndi Dochi (1892) Ballet Cinderella (yofalitsidwa pambuyo pake)