Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky |

Pyotr Tchaikovsky

Kuyambira zaka zana mpaka zaka zana, kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, chikondi chathu cha Tchaikovsky, chifukwa cha nyimbo zake zokongola, chimadutsa, ndipo ichi ndi chosafa. D. Shostakovich

"Ndikufuna ndi mphamvu zonse za moyo wanga kuti nyimbo zanga zifalikire, kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amachikonda, chitonthozedwe ndi kuthandizidwa mmenemo, chidzawonjezeka." M'mawu awa a Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, ntchito ya luso lake, yomwe adayiwona mu utumiki wa nyimbo ndi anthu, "mowonadi, moona mtima ndi mophweka" kulankhula nawo za zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zazikulu ndi zosangalatsa, zimafotokozedwa ndendende. Njira yothetsera vutoli inali kotheka ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cholemera kwambiri cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia ndi dziko, ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri lolemba luso. Kukangana kosalekeza kwa mphamvu zolenga, ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku komanso zouziridwa pakupanga ntchito zambiri zanyimbo zinapanga zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo la moyo wonse wa wojambula wamkulu.

Tchaikovsky anabadwira m'banja la injiniya wa migodi. Kuyambira ali mwana, iye anasonyeza chiwopsezo pachimake kwa nyimbo, ndithu nthawi zonse ankaphunzira limba, amene anali bwino pa nthawi imene anamaliza maphunziro a School of Law ku St. Petersburg (1859). Atatumikira kale mu Dipatimenti ya Utumiki wa Chilungamo (mpaka 1863), mu 1861 adalowa m'makalasi a RMS, osinthidwa kukhala St. Petersburg Conservatory (1862), kumene adaphunzira zolemba ndi N. Zaremba ndi A. Rubinshtein. Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory (1865), Tchaikovsky anaitanidwa ndi N. Rubinstein kuti akaphunzitse ku Moscow Conservatory, yomwe inatsegulidwa mu 1866. Ntchito ya Tchaikovsky (iye anaphunzitsa makalasi a maphunziro okakamiza ndi apadera) anayala maziko a mwambo wophunzitsa. a Moscow Conservatory, izi zinathandizidwa ndi kulengedwa kwa bukhu lachigwirizano, kumasulira kwa zothandizira zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira, ndi zina zotero. ubale unayamba ndi iye), ndipo mu 1868-1871. anali wolemba mbiri ya nyimbo m'manyuzipepala a Sovremennaya Letopis ndi Russkiye Vedomosti.

Zolembazo, komanso makalata ambiri, adawonetsa malingaliro okongola a wolembayo, yemwe anali ndi chisoni chachikulu pa luso la WA Mozart, M. Glinka, R. Schumann. Kugwirizana ndi Moscow Artistic Circle, yomwe inkatsogoleredwa ndi AN Ostrovsky (sewero loyamba la Tchaikovsky "Voevoda" - 1868 linalembedwa kutengera sewero lake; pazaka za maphunziro ake - "Bingu la Mkuntho", mu 1873 - nyimbo za sewera "The Snow Maiden"), amapita ku Kamenka kukaonana ndi mlongo wake A. Davydova adathandizira pa chikondi chomwe chinayambika paubwana wa nyimbo za anthu - Chirasha, kenako Chiyukireniya, chomwe Tchaikovsky nthawi zambiri amatchula mu ntchito za nthawi ya Moscow.

Ku Moscow, ulamuliro wa Tchaikovsky monga wolemba nyimbo umalimbikitsa mofulumira, ntchito zake zikufalitsidwa ndikuchita. Tchaikovsky adapanga zitsanzo zoyambirira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo zaku Russia - ma symphonies (1866, 1872, 1875, 1877), quartet ya chingwe (1871, 1874, 1876), konsati ya piyano (1875, 1880, 1893) , 1875-76), nyimbo yoimbira nyimbo ("Melancholic Serenade" ya violin ndi oimba - 1875; "Kusiyanasiyana pa Rococo Theme" ya cello ndi orchestra - 1876), akulemba zachikondi, piyano imagwira ntchito ("The Seasons", 1875- 76 ndi ena).

Malo ofunikira mu ntchito ya wolembayo adatanganidwa ndi ntchito za symphonic - zongopeka "Romeo ndi Juliet" (1869), zongopeka "The Tempest" (1873, onse - pambuyo pa W. Shakespeare), zongopeka "Francesca da Rimini" (pambuyo pa Dante, 1876), momwe nyimbo zamaganizo-zamaganizo, zochititsa chidwi za ntchito ya Tchaikovsky, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mumitundu ina, zimawonekera kwambiri.

Mu opera, kufufuza motsatira njira yomweyi kumamutsogolera kuchoka ku sewero la tsiku ndi tsiku kupita ku mbiri yakale ("Oprichnik" yochokera ku tsoka la I. Lazhechnikov, 1870-72) kupyolera mu pempho la N. Gogol's lyric-comedy ndi nkhani yongopeka (" Vakula the Blacksmith" - 1874, kope lachiwiri - "Cherevichki" - 2) mpaka "Eugene Onegin" ya Pushkin - nyimbo zoimbira, monga momwe wolembayo (1885-1877) adatcha opera yake.

"Eugene Onegin" ndi Symphony Wachinayi, kumene sewero lakuya la malingaliro aumunthu silingasiyanitsidwe ndi zizindikiro zenizeni za moyo wa Russia, zinakhala zotsatira za nthawi ya Moscow ya ntchito ya Tchaikovsky. Kutsirizitsa kwawo kunali chizindikiro chotuluka muvuto lalikulu lobwera chifukwa cha kuchulukitsitsa kwa mphamvu zakulenga, komanso banja losapambana. Thandizo lazachuma loperekedwa kwa Tchaikovsky ndi N. von Meck (makalata omwe adakhala nawo kuyambira 1876 mpaka 1890, ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali pophunzira malingaliro aluso a wolembayo), adamupatsa mwayi wosiya ntchitoyo ku Conservatory yomwe idamulemera. nthawi imeneyo ndikupita kunja kukakonza thanzi.

Ntchito za kumapeto kwa 70's - koyambirira kwa 80's. zodziwika ndi kumveka bwino kwa mawu, kukulirakulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo zoyimbira (Concerto for violin ndi orchestra - 1878; suites orchestral - 1879, 1883, 1884; Serenade for string orchestra - 1880; "Trio in Memory of the Great Wojambula" (N. Rubinstein) wa piano , violin ndi cellos - 1882, etc.), kukula kwa malingaliro a opera ("The Maid of Orleans" by F. Schiller, 1879; "Mazeppa" by A. Pushkin, 1881-83 ), kuwongolera kwina m'gawo la zolemba za orchestral ("Italian Capriccio" - 1880, suites), mawonekedwe anyimbo, etc.

Kuyambira 1885, Tchaikovsky anakhazikika pafupi ndi Klin pafupi ndi Moscow (kuyambira 1891 - ku Klin, kumene mu 1895 Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya woimba inatsegulidwa). Chikhumbo chokhala paokha pazantchito sichinaphatikizepo kulumikizana kozama komanso kosatha ndi moyo wanyimbo waku Russia, womwe udakula kwambiri osati ku Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, komanso ku Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Tiflis, ndi zina zambiri. kufalitsa nyimbo za Tchaikovsky. Concert maulendo ku Germany, Czech Republic, France, England, America anabweretsa wopeka kutchuka padziko lonse; maubwenzi olenga ndi ochezeka ndi oimba a ku Ulaya akulimbikitsidwa (G. Bulow, A. Brodsky, A. Nikish, A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, C. Saint-Saens, G. Mahler, etc.). Mu 1887 Tchaikovsky adalandira digiri ya Doctor of Music kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Cambridge ku England.

M'ntchito za nthawi yotsiriza, yomwe imayamba ndi pulogalamu ya symphony "Manfred" (malinga ndi J. Byron, 1885), opera "The Enchantress" (malinga ndi I. Shpazhinsky, 1885-87), Fifth Symphony (1888) ), pali chiwonjezeko chowonekera pachiyambi chomvetsa chisoni, chomwe chimafika pachimake pachimake cha ntchito ya wolemba - opera The Queen of Spades (1890) ndi Sixth Symphony (1893), pomwe adakwera mpaka kuphatikizika kwapamwamba kwambiri kwazithunzi. chikondi, moyo ndi imfa. Pafupi ndi ntchitozi, ma ballet The Sleeping Beauty (1889) ndi The Nutcracker (1892), opera Iolanthe (pambuyo pa G. Hertz, 1891) akuwonekera, akumafika pachigonjetso cha kuwala ndi ubwino. Patangotha ​​masiku ochepa chionetsero choyamba cha Sixth Symphony ku St. Petersburg, Tchaikovsky anamwalira mwadzidzidzi.

Ntchito ya Tchaikovsky inakumbatira pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyimbo, yomwe opera ndi symphony imapanga kwambiri. Amawonetsa malingaliro aluso a wolembayo mokwanira, pakati pake pali njira zakuya za dziko lamkati la munthu, mayendedwe ovuta a moyo, amawululidwa pakuwombana koopsa komanso koopsa. Komabe, ngakhale m'mitundu iyi, nyimbo zazikulu za nyimbo za Tchaikovsky zimamveka nthawi zonse - zomveka, zanyimbo, zobadwa kuchokera ku mawu achindunji akumverera kwaumunthu ndikupeza kuyankha kwachindunji kwa omvera. Kumbali ina, mitundu ina - kuchokera ku chikondi kapena piyano yaying'ono kupita ku ballet, konsati yoimbira kapena gulu lachipinda - imatha kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yofanana ya symphonic sikelo, chitukuko chodabwitsa komanso kulowa kwanyimbo kozama.

Tchaikovsky nayenso anagwira ntchito m'munda wa kwaya (kuphatikizapo zopatulika) nyimbo, analemba ensembles mawu, nyimbo zisudzo kwambiri. Miyambo ya Tchaikovsky mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yapeza kupitiriza kwawo mu ntchito ya S. Taneyev, A. Glazunov, S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, ndi olemba Soviet. Nyimbo za Tchaikovsky, zomwe zidadziwika ngakhale m'moyo wake, zomwe, malinga ndi B. Asafiev, zidakhala "zofunikira" kwa anthu, zomwe zidatenga nthawi yayikulu ya moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Russia chazaka za m'ma XNUMX, zidapitilira iwo ndikukhala olamulira. katundu wa anthu onse. Zomwe zili ndi chilengedwe chonse: zimaphimba zithunzi za moyo ndi imfa, chikondi, chilengedwe, ubwana, moyo wozungulira, zimalongosola ndi kuwulula m'njira yatsopano zithunzi za mabuku achi Russia ndi dziko lonse lapansi - Pushkin ndi Gogol, Shakespeare ndi Dante, Russian lyric. ndakatulo za theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Nyimbo za Tchaikovsky, zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe amtengo wapatali a chikhalidwe cha ku Russia - chikondi ndi chifundo kwa munthu, chidwi chodabwitsa pa kufufuza kosakhazikika kwa moyo wa munthu, kusalolera zoipa ndi ludzu lofuna ubwino, kukongola, makhalidwe abwino - zimasonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi ntchito ya L. Tolstoy ndi F. Dostoevsky, I. Turgenev ndi A. Chekhov.

Masiku ano, maloto a Tchaikovsky owonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amakonda nyimbo zake akukwaniritsidwa. Umodzi wa umboni wa kutchuka kwa dziko la woimba wamkulu Russian anali Mpikisano wa Mayiko dzina lake pambuyo pake, amene amakopa mazana oimba ku Moscow m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

E. Tsareva

udindo wa nyimbo. Worldview. Miyezo ya njira yolenga

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Mosiyana ndi oimba "watsopano Russian zoyimba sukulu" - Balakirev, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, amene, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa njira zawo kulenga munthu, anali oimira njira inayake, ogwirizana ndi kufanana kwa zolinga zazikulu. Zolinga ndi zokongoletsa, Tchaikovsky sanali wa magulu ndi mabwalo. Mukulumikizana kovutirapo komanso kulimbana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imadziwika ndi moyo wanyimbo zaku Russia mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX, adadziyimira pawokha. Zambiri zinamubweretsa pafupi ndi "Kuchkists" ndipo zinayambitsa kukopana, koma panali mikangano pakati pawo, chifukwa chake mtunda wina umakhalabe mu ubale wawo.

Chimodzi mwa zonyoza nthawi zonse kwa Tchaikovsky, zomwe anamva kuchokera ku msasa wa "Mighty Handful", chinali kusowa kwa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha nyimbo zake. "Chikhalidwe cha dziko sichikhala chopambana nthawi zonse kwa Tchaikovsky," Stasov akutero mosamala m'nkhani yake yayitali "Nyimbo Zathu Zaka 25 Zomaliza." Pa nthawi ina, kugwirizanitsa Tchaikovsky ndi A. Rubinstein, akunena mwachindunji kuti olemba onsewa "sakhala oimira oimba atsopano a ku Russia ndi zokhumba zawo: onse awiri sali odziimira okha, ndipo sali amphamvu komanso amtundu wokwanira. .”

Lingaliro lakuti zigawo za dziko la Russia zinali zachilendo kwa Tchaikovsky, za "Europeanized" komanso "cosmopolitan" za ntchito yake zinafalikira kwambiri m'nthawi yake ndipo sizinafotokozedwe ndi otsutsa okha omwe analankhula m'malo mwa "sukulu yatsopano ya ku Russia". . M'mawonekedwe akuthwa komanso olunjika, amawonetsedwa ndi MM Ivanov. "Mwa olemba onse a ku Russia," wotsutsa analemba pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa imfa ya woimbayo, "iye [Tchaikovsky] anakhalabe wodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse, ngakhale pamene adayesa kuganiza mu Chirasha, kuti afikire mbali zodziwika bwino za nyimbo za ku Russia zomwe zikubwera. nyumba yosungira katundu.” "Njira ya ku Russia yodziwonetsera yekha, kalembedwe ka Chirasha, chomwe tikuchiwona, mwachitsanzo, ku Rimsky-Korsakov, alibe mawonekedwe ...".

Kwa ife, omwe timawona kuti nyimbo za Tchaikovsky ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha Chirasha, cha cholowa chonse chauzimu cha Russia, ziweruzo zoterezi zimamveka zopanda pake komanso zopanda pake. Mlembi wa Eugene Onegin mwiniwake, akugogomezera kugwirizana kwake kosasunthika ndi mizu ya moyo wa Russia ndi chikondi chake chokhudza chilichonse cha Russia, sanasiye kudziona ngati woimira zaluso zapakhomo komanso zapakhomo, zomwe tsogolo lake linamukhudza kwambiri ndi kumudetsa nkhawa.

Monga "Kuchkists", Tchaikovsky anali Glinkian wotsimikiza ndipo adagwada pamaso pa ukulu wa ntchito yomwe Mlengi wa "Moyo wa Tsar" ndi "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" adachita. "Zochitika zomwe sizinachitikepo m'gawo la zaluso", "wanzeru kulenga weniweni" - m'mawu oterowo adalankhula za Glinka. "Chinachake chokulirapo, chachikulu", chofanana ndi chomwe "Mozart, kapena Gluck, kapena ambuye aliyense," Tchaikovsky adamva mu nyimbo yomaliza ya "A Life for the Tsar", yomwe idayika wolemba wake "pamodzi (Inde! !) Mozart , ndi Beethoven komanso ndi aliyense.” "Palibe chiwonetsero chanzeru chodabwitsa" adapeza Tchaikovsky mu "Kamarinskaya". Mawu ake akuti sukulu yonse ya symphony ya ku Russia "ili ku Kamarinskaya, monga mtengo wonse wa thundu uli mu acorn," adakhala mapiko. "Ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali," adatsutsa, "olemba a ku Russia adzatenga kuchokera ku gwero lolemerali, chifukwa zimatengera nthawi yambiri ndi khama lalikulu kuti muthe chuma chake chonse."

Koma pokhala wojambula wa dziko monga aliyense wa "Kuchkists", Tchaikovsky anathetsa vuto la anthu ndi dziko mu ntchito yake mosiyana ndikuwonetsa mbali zina za dziko. Ambiri mwa olemba a The Mighty Handful, pofunafuna yankho la mafunso omwe amaperekedwa ndi masiku ano, adatembenukira ku chiyambi cha moyo wa Russia, zikhale zochitika zazikulu za mbiri yakale, epic, nthano kapena miyambo yakale ndi malingaliro a anthu akale. dziko. Sitinganene kuti Tchaikovsky analibe chidwi ndi zonsezi. "... Sindinakumanepo ndi munthu amene amakondana kwambiri ndi Amayi a Russia kuposa ine," analemba nthawi ina, "ndi mu zigawo zake zazikulu za Russian makamaka <...> Ndimakonda kwambiri munthu waku Russia, waku Russia. kulankhula, maganizo a Chirasha, anthu okongola a ku Russia, miyambo ya ku Russia. Lermontov ananena kuti nthano zakale kwambiri zakuda moyo wake susuntha. Ndipo ngakhale ndimakonda. "

Koma nkhani yaikulu ya chidwi Tchaikovsky kulenga sanali yotakata kayendedwe mbiri kapena maziko gulu la moyo wowerengeka, koma kugunda kwamkati maganizo a dziko lauzimu la munthu. Chifukwa chake, munthu amapambana mwa iye kuposa chilengedwe chonse, mawu ake pa epic. Ndi mphamvu yayikulu, kuya ndi kuwona mtima, adawonetsa mu nyimbo zake zomwe zimadzuka pakudzimvera chisoni, ludzu lofuna kumasulidwa ku chilichonse chomwe chimamanga kuthekera kwa kuwululidwa kwake kotheratu, kosalephereka komanso kudzitsimikizira, zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino. Anthu aku Russia mu nthawi ya post-reform. Chinthu chaumwini, chokhazikika, chimakhalapo nthawi zonse ku Tchaikovsky, ziribe kanthu zomwe amalankhula. Choncho wapadera m'nyimbo kutentha ndi malowedwe kuti faniziro mu ntchito zake zithunzi za moyo wowerengeka kapena chikhalidwe Russian amakonda, ndipo, Komano, lakuthwa ndi kukangana kwa mikangano yochititsa chidwi amene anachokera kutsutsana pakati pa chikhumbo chachibadwa cha munthu chidzalo. kusangalala ndi moyo ndi chowonadi chowawa chankhanza, chomwe chimasweka.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa ntchito ya Tchaikovsky ndi olemba "sukulu yatsopano ya nyimbo ya ku Russia" inatsimikiziranso zina za chinenero chawo ndi kalembedwe kawo, makamaka njira yawo yoyendetsera nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu. Kwa onsewa, nyimbo yachikale idakhala ngati gwero lambiri la njira zatsopano zowonetsera nyimbo. Koma ngati "Kuchkists" ankafuna kupeza mu nyimbo wowerengeka zinthu zakale mmenemo ndi kupeza njira harmonic processing lolingana ndi iwo, ndiye Tchaikovsky anazindikira wowerengeka nyimbo monga mbali yachindunji cha moyo ozungulira chenicheni. Choncho, sanayese kulekanitsa maziko enieni mmenemo ndi amene anayambitsa pambuyo pake, mu kusamuka ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe osiyana chikhalidwe, iye sanalekanitse chikhalidwe wamba nyimbo m'tawuni, amene anasintha pansi pa Chikoka cha mawu achikondi, kayimbidwe kakuvina, ndi zina zambiri nyimbo, adazikonza momasuka, kuziyika pamalingaliro ake.

Tsankho lina la "Mighty Handful" linadziwonetsera kwa Tchaikovsky komanso monga wophunzira wa Conservatory ya St. Tchaikovsky ndi mmodzi yekha mwa olemba Russian a "sixties" m'badwo amene analandira mwadongosolo maphunziro akatswiri mkati mwa makoma a bungwe lapadera la maphunziro oimba. Pambuyo pake Rimsky-Korsakov anayenera kudzaza mipata mu maphunziro ake akatswiri, pamene anayamba kuphunzitsa maphunziro a nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso pa Conservatory, m'mawu ake omwe, "anakhala mmodzi wa ophunzira ake bwino." Ndipo ndizachilengedwe kuti anali Tchaikovsky ndi Rimsky-Korsakov omwe adayambitsa masukulu awiri akulu kwambiri olemba nyimbo ku Russia m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, omwe amatchedwa "Moscow" ndi "Petersburg".

The Conservatory osati zida Tchaikovsky ndi chidziwitso chofunika, komanso anaika mwa iye chilango okhwima ntchito, chifukwa chimene iye akanakhoza kulenga, mu nthawi yochepa yogwira ntchito yolenga, ntchito zambiri za mtundu wanyimbo kwambiri ndi khalidwe, kulemerera zosiyanasiyana. madera a luso Russian nyimbo. Ntchito yosalekeza, yopangidwa mwadongosolo Tchaikovsky adawona kuti ndi udindo wa wojambula aliyense wowona yemwe amawona ntchito yake mozama komanso moyenera. Nyimbo zokhazo, amalemba, zimatha kukhudza, kugwedeza ndi kuvulaza, zomwe zatsanulidwa kuchokera pansi pa moyo waluso wokondwa ndi kudzoza <...> Pakalipano, nthawi zonse muyenera kugwira ntchito, ndipo wojambula weniweni woona mtima sangakhale pansi. zopezeka”.

Kulera kodziletsa kunathandizanso kuti chitukuko cha Tchaikovsky chikhale ndi ulemu ku mwambo, ku cholowa cha ambuye akuluakulu apamwamba, omwe, komabe, sanagwirizane ndi tsankho latsopano. Laroche anakumbukira "kutsutsa mwakachetechete" kumene Tchaikovsky wamng'ono adachitira chikhumbo cha aphunzitsi ena kuti "ateteze" ana awo ku "zoopsa" za Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, kuwasunga mkati mwa miyambo yakale. Pambuyo pake, Laroche yemweyo adalemba za kusamvetsetsana kwachilendo pa zoyesayesa za otsutsa ena kuti atchule Tchaikovsky ngati wopeka wa chitsogozo chotsatira miyambo yachikhalidwe ndikutsutsa kuti "Mr. Tchaikovsky ali pafupi kwambiri ndi kumanzere kwa nyumba yamalamulo kuposa kumanja kwapakati. ” Kusiyana pakati pa iye ndi "Kuchkists", mu lingaliro lake, ndi "kachulukidwe" kuposa "qualitative".

Zigamulo za Laroche, ngakhale zili zovuta kwambiri, zimakhala zachilungamo. Ngakhale kuti mikangano ndi mikangano pakati pa Tchaikovsky ndi Mighty Handful nthawi zina imakula bwanji, zimawonetsa zovuta komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa msasa wa demokalase womwe ukupita patsogolo wa oimba aku Russia wa theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Maubwenzi apamtima adalumikizana ndi Tchaikovsky ndi chikhalidwe chonse cha ku Russia chaluso pa nthawi yake yapamwamba kwambiri. Wokonda kuwerenga kwambiri, ankadziwa bwino mabuku a Chirasha ndipo amatsatira mosamalitsa zonse zatsopano zomwe zinkapezeka mmenemo, nthawi zambiri amafotokoza ziganizo zosangalatsa komanso zoganizira za ntchito iliyonse. Kugwadira Luso la Pushkin, amene ndakatulo anachita mbali yaikulu mu ntchito yake, Tchaikovsky ankakonda kwambiri Turgenev, mochenjera anamva ndi kumvetsa mawu a Fet, zomwe sizinamulepheretse kusirira kuchuluka kwa mafotokozedwe a moyo ndi chilengedwe kuchokera ku chikhalidwe choterocho. wolemba zolinga monga Aksakov.

Koma anaika malo apadera kwambiri kwa LN Tolstoy, amene anamutcha kuti “wanzeru kwambiri kuposa waluso aliyense waluso” amene anthu sanamudziwepo. Mu ntchito za wolemba wamkulu Tchaikovsky makamaka anakopeka ndi "ena wapamwamba kwambiri chikondi kwa munthu, chapamwamba chisoni ku kupanda thandizo kwake, malire ake ndi kusafunikira kwake. “Wolembayo, amene popanda kalikonse anapeza mphamvu imene sinapatsidwe kuchokera kumwamba kutikakamiza ife, osauka m’maganizo, kuti timvetsetse malo obisika a moyo wathu wamakhalidwe abwino,” “wogulitsa mtima kwambiri; "M'mawu oterowo, adalemba zomwe, m'malingaliro ake, zinali , mphamvu ndi ukulu wa Tolstoy ngati wojambula. “Iye yekha ndi wokwanira,” malinga ndi kunena kwa Tchaikovsky, “kuti munthu wa ku Russia asaŵeramire mutu wake mwamanyazi pamene zinthu zazikulu zonse zimene Ulaya analenga ziŵerengeredwa pamaso pake.”

Chovuta kwambiri chinali malingaliro ake kwa Dostoevsky. Pozindikira luso lake, wolembayo sanamve kuyandikana kwake kwamkati monga Tolstoy. Ngati, poŵerenga Tolstoy, akanakhoza kukhetsa misozi ya kusilira kodala chifukwa “mwa mkhalapakati wake anakhudza ndi dziko labwino, ubwino ndi umunthu, ndiye "talente yankhanza" ya wolemba "The Brothers Karamazov" inamupondereza ndipo ngakhale kumuopseza.

Mwa olemba a m'badwo wachichepere Tchaikovsky anali ndi chifundo chapadera kwa Chekhov, yemwe nkhani zake ndi mabuku adakopeka ndi kuphatikiza kwa zenizeni zopanda chifundo ndi chikondi cha nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. Chisoni ichi chinali, monga mukudziwa, onse awiri. Maganizo a Chekhov kwa Tchaikovsky amatsimikiziridwa momveka bwino ndi kalata yake yopita kwa mchimwene wa wolemba nyimboyo, pomwe adavomereza kuti "ali wokonzeka usana ndi usiku kuti ayang'anire ulemu pakhonde la nyumba yomwe Pyotr Ilyich amakhala" - kuyamikira kwake kunali kwakukulu. woimba, amene anapatsa malo wachiwiri mu luso Russian, mwamsanga pambuyo Leo Tolstoy. Kuwunika kumeneku kwa Tchaikovsky ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri apanyumba akuluakulu a mawuwa kumachitira umboni zomwe nyimbo za wolembayo zinali za anthu abwino kwambiri a ku Russia a nthawi yake.

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Tchaikovsky anali a mtundu wa ojambula omwe munthu payekha ndi kulenga, anthu ndi zojambulajambula zimagwirizana kwambiri komanso zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri moti n'zosatheka kupatukana wina ndi mzake. Chilichonse chomwe chimamudetsa nkhawa m'moyo, chomwe chidamupweteka kapena chisangalalo, mkwiyo kapena chisoni, adafuna kufotokoza m'mawu ake m'chinenero cha mawu a nyimbo pafupi ndi iye. Zolinga ndi zolinga, zaumwini ndi zopanda umunthu sizingasiyanitsidwe mu ntchito ya Tchaikovsky. Izi zimatithandiza kulankhula za lyricism monga mtundu waukulu wa maganizo ake luso, koma tanthauzo lalikulu kuti Belinsky Ufumuyo mfundo imeneyi. “Zonse wamba, chirichonse chachikulu, lingaliro lirilonse, lingaliro lirilonse - injini zazikulu za dziko ndi moyo, - iye analemba, - akhoza kupanga zomwe zili m'nyimbo za nyimbo, koma pa chikhalidwe, komabe, kuti wamkulu adzamasuliridwe m'magazi a nkhaniyo. chuma, kulowa mu kukhudzika kwake, osalumikizidwa ndi mbali imodzi ya iye, koma ndi ungwiro wonse wa umunthu wake. Chilichonse chomwe chimakhala, chosangalatsa, chosangalatsa, chokhumudwitsa, chosangalatsa, chodekha, chosokoneza, m'mawu amodzi, chilichonse chomwe chimapanga zomwe zili m'moyo wauzimu wa phunziroli, zonse zomwe zimalowamo, zimatulukamo - zonsezi zimavomerezedwa ndi lyric ngati katundu wake wovomerezeka. .

Lyricism monga mtundu wa kumvetsetsa kwaluso kwa dziko, Belinsky akufotokozanso kuti, sikuti ndi luso lapadera, lodziyimira pawokha, kuchuluka kwa mawonetsedwe ake ndiakulu: "nyimbo, yomwe ilipo mwa iyo yokha, ngati ndakatulo yosiyana, imalowa mu ena onse, ngati chinthu, amakhala nawo , monga moto wa Prometheans umakhala zolengedwa zonse za Zeus ... The preponderance of the lyrical element imachitikanso mu epic komanso mu sewero.

Mpweya wowona mtima komanso wachindunji unapangitsa ntchito zonse za Tchaikovsky, kuyambira tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mawu kapena piyano mpaka ma symphonies ndi zisudzo, zomwe sizimapatula malingaliro akuzama kapena sewero lamphamvu ndi lomveka bwino. Ntchito ya wojambula wanyimbo ndiyokhala yotakata, momwe umunthu wake umakhala wolemera komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokonda zake, m'pamenenso chikhalidwe chake chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Tchaikovsky anali ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zambiri ndipo anachitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ku chirichonse chimene chinachitika mozungulira iye. Zingatsutse kuti panalibe chochitika chimodzi chachikulu komanso chofunikira m'moyo wake wamasiku ano chomwe chingamusiye iye wopanda chidwi ndipo sichinapangitse yankho limodzi kapena lina kuchokera kwa iye.

Mwachilengedwe komanso momwe amaganizira, iye anali wanzeru waku Russia wanthawi yake - nthawi yakusintha kwakukulu, ziyembekezo zazikulu ndi ziyembekezo, komanso zokhumudwitsa zowawa komanso zotayika. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za Tchaikovsky monga munthu ndi kusakhazikika kwa mzimu, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri otsogola achikhalidwe cha Russia munthawi imeneyo. Wolembayo mwiniwakeyo anafotokoza mbali imeneyi kuti “kulakalaka zabwinobwino.” M'moyo wake wonse, iye mozama, nthawi zina mopweteka, adafuna chithandizo cholimba chauzimu, kutembenukira ku filosofi kapena kuchipembedzo, koma sakanatha kubweretsa malingaliro ake pa dziko lapansi, pa malo ndi cholinga cha munthu m'menemo mu dongosolo limodzi lokhazikika. . "... Sindikupeza m'moyo wanga mphamvu zokulitsa zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zilizonse, chifukwa ine, monga woyendetsa nyengo, ndimasintha pakati pa chipembedzo chachikhalidwe ndi mikangano yamalingaliro otsutsa," adavomereza Tchaikovsky wazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Cholinga chomwechi chikumvekanso m’zolemba zakale zomwe zinalembedwa zaka khumi pambuyo pake: “Moyo umapita, umatha, koma sindinaganizirepo kalikonse, ndimazibalalitsa, ngati mafunso owopsa abuka, ndimawasiya.”

Kudyetsa kutsutsana kosatsutsika kwa mitundu yonse ya chiphunzitso ndi zomveka zomveka bwino, Tchaikovsky analibe chidwi ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana afilosofi, koma ankadziwa ntchito za afilosofi ena ndipo anafotokoza maganizo ake kwa iwo. Iye anatsutsa m'mbali nzeru za Schopenhauer, ndiye yapamwamba mu Russia. “M’mapeto omalizira a Schopenhauer,” iye akupeza kuti, “pali chinachake chonyansa ku ulemu wa munthu, chinachake chouma ndi chadyera, chosatenthedwa ndi chikondi kaamba ka anthu.” Kuvuta kwa ndemangayi ndikomveka. Wojambulayo, yemwe adadzitcha "munthu wokonda kwambiri moyo (mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zake zonse) komanso amadana ndi imfa mofananamo," sakanatha kuvomereza ndi kugawana nawo chiphunzitso chafilosofi chomwe chimanena kuti kusintha kokha ku kusakhalapo, kudziwononga kumatumikira monga kupulumutsidwa ku zoipa za dziko.

M'malo mwake, filosofi ya Spinoza inachititsa chisoni Tchaikovsky ndipo inamukopa ndi umunthu wake, chidwi ndi chikondi kwa munthu, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti wolemba nyimboyo afanizire woganiza wachi Dutch ndi Leo Tolstoy. Malingaliro osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu pamalingaliro a Spinoza nawonso sanawazindikire. “Ndinaiwala pamenepo,” akutero Tchaikovsky, akukumbukira mkangano wake waposachedwapa ndi von Meck, “kuti pangakhale anthu onga Spinoza, Goethe, Kant, amene anatha kuchita popanda chipembedzo? Ndinaiwala ndiye kuti, osatchula za colossi, pali phompho la anthu omwe atha kudzipangira okha dongosolo logwirizana la malingaliro omwe adalowa m'malo mwa chipembedzo chawo.

Mizere iyi inalembedwa mu 1877, pamene Tchaikovsky ankadziona kuti ndi wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Patatha chaka chimodzi, ananena motsindika kwambiri kuti chikhulupiriro cha Orthodoxy “chinakhala chonyozedwa kwa nthawi yaitali moti n’kumupha.” Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 80, zinthu zinasintha pa nkhani ya chipembedzo. “… Kuunika kwa chikhulupiriro kumalowa m’moyo wanga mochulukira,” anavomereza motero m’kalata yopita kwa von Meck wa ku Paris ya March 16/28, 1881, “… motsutsana ndi masoka amtundu uliwonse . Ndikuona kuti ndayamba kudziwa kukonda Mulungu, zomwe sindinkadziwa poyamba. Zowona, mawuwo akutuluka mwamsanga: “kukayikitsa kumandichezerabe.” Koma wopekayo amayesa ndi mphamvu zonse za moyo wake kuchotsa kukaikiraku ndikuchotsa kwa iye.

Malingaliro achipembedzo a Tchaikovsky anakhalabe ovuta komanso osamvetsetseka, ozikidwa kwambiri pa kutengeka maganizo kusiyana ndi kukhudzika kwakukulu ndi kolimba. Mfundo zina za chikhulupiriro chachikristu zinali zosavomerezeka kwa iye. “Sindili wodzazidwa kwambiri ndi chipembedzo,” iye akutero m’modzi mwa makalatawo, “kuti ndiwone ndi chidaliro chiyambi cha moyo watsopano mu imfa.” Lingaliro la chisangalalo chamuyaya chakumwamba linkawoneka kwa Tchaikovsky chinthu chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chopanda kanthu komanso chopanda chimwemwe: "Moyo umakhala wosangalatsa pamene umakhala ndi chisangalalo ndi chisoni, kulimbana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa, kuwala ndi mthunzi, m'mawu amodzi, za zosiyanasiyana mu umodzi. Kodi tingayerekeze bwanji moyo wosatha mumpangidwe wa chisangalalo chosatha?

Mu 1887, Tchaikovsky analemba m'buku lake kuti:chipembedzo Ndikufuna kufotokoza zanga nthawi ina mwatsatanetsatane, pokhapokha kuti ndekha ndikumvetsetsa zikhulupiriro zanga ndi malire omwe amayambira pambuyo pongopeka. Komabe, Tchaikovsky mwachiwonekere analephera kubweretsa malingaliro ake achipembedzo m’dongosolo limodzi ndi kuthetsa zotsutsana zawo zonse.

Anakopeka ndi Chikhristu makamaka ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe chaumunthu, chithunzi cha uthenga wabwino wa Khristu chinawonedwa ndi Tchaikovsky kukhala wamoyo ndi weniweni, wopatsidwa makhalidwe aumunthu wamba. “Ngakhale kuti Iye anali Mulungu,” timaŵerenga m’nkhani ina ya m’kabukuka, “koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo Iye analinso munthu. Iye anavutika ngati ifeyo. Ife amalangidwa iye, ife timakonda mwa iye chiyeneretso chake anthu mbali.” Lingaliro la Mulungu wamphamvuyonse ndi woopsa wa makamu linali la Tchaikovsky chinachake chakutali, chovuta kumvetsetsa ndi kuchititsa mantha m'malo modalira ndi chiyembekezo.

Tchaikovsky wamkulu waumunthu, yemwe mtengo wake wapamwamba kwambiri unali munthu wodziwa za ulemu wake ndi udindo wake kwa ena, sanaganizire pang'ono za nkhani za chikhalidwe cha moyo. Malingaliro ake andale anali apakati ndipo sanapitirire malingaliro a ufumu wadziko. "Russia ikanakhala yowala bwanji," akutero tsiku lina, "ngati wolamulira (kutanthauza Alexander II) anamaliza ulamuliro wake wodabwitsa mwa kutipatsa ufulu wandale! Asanene kuti sitinakhwime mpaka kufika pa mafomu oyendetsera malamulo.” Nthawi zina lingaliro ili la malamulo ndi chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino ku Tchaikovsky chinatenga mawonekedwe a lingaliro la Zemstvo sobor, lofalikira mu 70s ndi 80s, lomwe linagawidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu kuchokera ku liberal intelligentsia kupita ku osinthika a People's Volunteers. .

M'malo momvera malingaliro osintha zinthu, panthawi imodzimodziyo, Tchaikovsky anali wovutitsidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira ku Russia ndipo adadzudzula zigawenga zankhanza zomwe boma likufuna kuletsa kuwona pang'ono kwakusakhutira ndi malingaliro aulere. Mu 1878, pa nthawi ya kukwera kwakukulu ndi kukula kwa gulu la Narodnaya Volya, iye analemba kuti: "Tikudutsa mu nthawi yowopsya, ndipo mukayamba kuganizira zomwe zikuchitika, zimakhala zoopsa. Kumbali imodzi, boma lopanda pake, lotayika kwambiri kotero kuti Aksakov akutchulidwa mawu olimba mtima, owona; Komano, mwatsoka achinyamata openga, othamangitsidwa ndi zikwi popanda kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kufufuza komwe khwangwala sanabweretse mafupa - ndipo pakati pa izi ziwiri monyanyira za kusayanjanitsika ndi chirichonse, misa, mira mu zofuna zadyera, popanda kutsutsa kulikonse kuyang'ana pa chimodzi. kapena winayo.

Mawu otsutsa amtunduwu amapezeka mobwerezabwereza m'makalata a Tchaikovsky ndipo kenako. Mu 1882, Alexander III atangolowa ufumu, motsatizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwatsopano kwa kachitidwe, cholinga chofananacho chikumveka mwa iwo: “Kwa mitima yathu yokondedwa, ngakhale dziko lachisoni, nthawi yachisoni yafika. Aliyense amamva kusamveka bwino komanso kusakhutira; aliyense amaona kuti zinthu sizikuyenda bwino komanso kuti kusintha kuyenera kuchitika - koma palibe chomwe chingadziwike. Mu 1890, cholinga chomwecho chikumvekanso m'makalata ake: "... chinachake chalakwika ku Russia tsopano ... L. Tolstoy akuzunzidwa ngati mtundu wina wa zolengeza zosintha. Achinyamatawo akuukira, ndipo mkhalidwe wa ku Russia, kwenikweni, uli wachisoni kwambiri.” Zonsezi, ndithudi, zinakhudza maganizo ambiri a Tchaikovsky, zinakulitsa malingaliro a kusagwirizana ndi zenizeni ndipo zinayambitsa zionetsero zamkati, zomwe zinawonekeranso mu ntchito yake.

Tchaikovsky, munthu wanzeru zambiri, woganiza mozama, nthawi zonse ankalemetsedwa ndi lingaliro lakuya, lozama la tanthauzo la moyo, malo ake ndi cholinga chake, za kupanda ungwiro kwa maunansi a anthu, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zochitika zamasiku ano zidamupangitsa kuganizira. Wolembayo sakanatha kudandaula za mafunso ofunikira okhudza maziko a luso lazojambula, ntchito ya luso pa moyo wa anthu ndi njira za chitukuko chake, zomwe mikangano yowopsya ndi yowopsya inachitika mu nthawi yake. Pamene Tchaikovsky adayankha mafunso operekedwa kwa iye kuti nyimbo ziyenera kulembedwa "monga momwe Mulungu amaika pa moyo," izi zinawonetsa kudana kwake kosatsutsika ndi mtundu uliwonse wa malingaliro osamvetsetseka, ndipo makamaka kuvomereza malamulo ovomerezeka ovomerezeka ndi machitidwe mu luso. . . Chotero, akudzudzula Wagner kaamba ka kuika ntchito yake moumiriza ku lingaliro lopeka ndi losamveka bwino, iye anati: “M’lingaliro langa Wagner anapha mphamvu yaikulu ya kulenga mwa iye mwini ndi nthanthi. Chiphunzitso chilichonse chongoganiziridwa kale chimaziziritsa kumva kulenga komweko.

Kuyamikira mu nyimbo, choyamba, kuwona mtima, choonadi ndi kufulumira kufotokozera, Tchaikovsky anapewa mawu omveka bwino ndikulengeza ntchito zake ndi mfundo zake kuti zitheke. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti sanaganizire za iwo nkomwe: zikhulupiriro zake zokongola zinali zolimba komanso zokhazikika. M'mawonekedwe ambiri, amatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala magawo awiri akuluakulu: 1) demokalase, chikhulupiriro chakuti luso liyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, limagwira ntchito ngati njira yakukula kwawo kwauzimu ndi kulemeretsa, 2) chowonadi chopanda malire cha moyo. Mawu odziwika bwino komanso otchulidwa kawirikawiri a Tchaikovsky: "Ndikanakonda ndi mphamvu zonse za moyo wanga kuti nyimbo zanga zifalikire, kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amachikonda, apeze chitonthozo ndi chithandizo momwemo" chidzawonjezeka, chinali chiwonetsero cha kufunafuna kutchuka kopanda pake, koma kufunikira kobadwa kwa wolembayo kuti alankhule ndi anthu kudzera mu luso lake, chikhumbo chowabweretsera chisangalalo, kulimbikitsa mphamvu ndi mizimu yabwino.

Tchaikovsky nthawi zonse amalankhula za choonadi cha mawuwo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi zina amasonyeza maganizo oipa pa mawu akuti "zenizeni". Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti iye anazizindikira mwachiphamaso, zonyansa Pisarev kutanthauzira, kuphatikizapo kukongola wapamwamba ndi ndakatulo. Iye ankaona kuti chinthu chachikulu mu luso si plausability zakunja zachilengedwe, koma kuya kwa kumvetsa tanthauzo la mkati mwa zinthu, ndipo koposa zonse, wochenjera ndi zovuta maganizo njira zobisika kuchokera kuyang'ana chabe zimene zimachitika mu moyo wa munthu. Ndi nyimbo, m'malingaliro ake, kuposa zaluso zina zilizonse, zomwe zimatha kuchita izi. Tchaikovsky analemba kuti: "Mwa wojambula, pali chowonadi chenicheni, osati m'lingaliro la banal protocol, koma yapamwamba, yomwe imatsegula mbali zina zosadziwika kwa ife, magawo ena osafikirika omwe nyimbo zokha zimatha kulowa, ndipo palibe amene wapita. mpaka pakati pa olemba. monga Tolstoy."

Tchaikovsky sanali mlendo ku chizoloŵezi chofuna kukondana, kumasewera aulere a zongopeka ndi zopeka zopeka, ku dziko la zodabwitsa, zamatsenga ndi zomwe sizinachitikepo. Koma cholinga cha chidwi cha kulenga kwa wolembayo nthawi zonse wakhala munthu weniweni wamoyo ndi malingaliro ake osavuta koma amphamvu, chisangalalo, zisoni ndi zovuta. Kusamala kwamalingaliro, chidwi chauzimu komanso kuyankha komwe Tchaikovsky adapatsidwa zidamulola kupanga zithunzi zowoneka bwino, zowona komanso zokhutiritsa zomwe timawona kuti ndi zapafupi, zomveka komanso zofanana ndi ife. Izi zimamupangitsa kukhala wofanana ndi oimira akuluakulu a Russian classical realism monga Pushkin, Turgenev, Tolstoy kapena Chekhov.

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Zinganenedwe moyenera za Tchaikovsky kuti nthawi yomwe adakhalamo, nthawi yachitukuko chachikulu cha anthu komanso kusintha kwakukulu kopindulitsa m'madera onse a moyo wa Russia, kunamupanga kukhala wolemba nyimbo. Pamene mkulu wachinyamata wa Utumiki wa Chilungamo ndi woimba wa masewera, atalowa mu Conservatory ya St. kwa iye. Osakhala opanda chiopsezo china, zochita za Tchaikovsky sizinali mwangozi komanso zopanda nzeru. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, Mussorgsky anapuma ntchito ya usilikali ndi cholinga chomwecho, motsutsana ndi uphungu ndi kukopa kwa anzake achikulire. Achinyamata onse anzeru adalimbikitsidwa kutenga sitepe iyi ndi maganizo okhudza luso, zomwe zikutsimikizira anthu, monga nkhani yaikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandizira kuti anthu apite patsogolo mwauzimu komanso kuchulukitsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Kulowa kwa Tchaikovsky mu njira ya nyimbo zaluso kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa malingaliro ake ndi zizoloŵezi zake, maganizo a moyo ndi ntchito. Mng'ono wake wa wolemba nyimbo komanso wolemba mbiri woyamba MI Tchaikovsky adakumbukira momwe mawonekedwe ake adasinthira atalowa m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakale: m'njira zina. Ndi kusasamala kwa chimbudzi, Tchaikovsky adafuna kutsindika kutha kwake kotsimikizika ndi malo omwe kale anali olemekezeka komanso olamulira komanso kusintha kuchokera kumunthu wopukutidwa wadziko kukhala wantchito-raznochintsy.

Pazaka zopitilira zitatu zophunzirira ku Conservatory, pomwe AG Rubinshtein anali m'modzi mwa alangizi ake akulu ndi atsogoleri, Tchaikovsky adadziwa bwino maphunziro onse ofunikira ndipo adalemba ntchito zingapo za symphonic ndi chipinda, ngakhale sizinali zodziyimira pawokha komanso zosagwirizana. wodziwika ndi talente yodabwitsa. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa izi chinali cantata "To Joy" pa mawu a Schiller's ode, omwe adachitika pamwambo womaliza maphunziro awo pa December 31, 1865. Pasanapite nthawi, bwenzi la Tchaikovsky ndi mnzake wa m'kalasi Laroche adamulembera kuti: "Ndiwe luso lalikulu la nyimbo. wa Russia wamakono… Ndikuwona mwa inu chiyembekezo chachikulu kwambiri, kapena kani, chiyembekezo chokha cha tsogolo lathu lanyimbo… , kukonzekera ndi kuyesa, kunena kwake. Zolengedwa zanu ziyamba, mwina, m'zaka zisanu zokha, koma iwo, okhwima, akale, adzaposa zonse zomwe tinali nazo pambuyo pa Glinka.

Ntchito yodziyimira payokha ya Tchaikovsky idachitika mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 60 ku Moscow, komwe adasamukira kumayambiriro kwa 1866 ataitanidwa ndi NG Rubinshtein kuti akaphunzitse m'makalasi oimba a RMS, kenako ku Moscow Conservatory, yomwe idatsegulidwa m'dzinja. chaka chomwecho. "... Kwa PI Tchaikovsky," monga momwe m'modzi mwa mabwenzi ake atsopano aku Moscow ND Kashkin akuchitira umboni, "kwa zaka zambiri adakhala banja lojambula bwino lomwe luso lake linakula ndikukula." Wopeka wamng'ono anakumana ndi chisoni ndi thandizo osati mu nyimbo, komanso mabwalo zolembalemba ndi zisudzo wa ndiye Moscow. Kudziwana ndi AN Ostrovsky ndi ena mwa zisudzo zotsogola za Maly Theatre kunathandizira kuti Tchaikovsky achuluke kwambiri ndi nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu komanso moyo wakale waku Russia, zomwe zidawonekera m'mabuku ake azaka izi (sewero la Voyevoda lochokera pa sewero la Ostrovsky, The Symphony Yoyamba " Maloto a Zima").

Nthawi ya kukula mofulumira komanso mozama kwa talente yake yolenga inali 70s. Iye analemba kuti: “Kutanganidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito imene kumakusangalatsani kwambiri moti simukhala ndi nthaŵi yodzisamalira ndi kuiŵala chilichonse kupatulapo chimene chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi ntchito.” Mu chikhalidwe ichi cha kutengeka kwenikweni ndi Tchaikovsky, atatu symphonies, limba awiri ndi violin concertos, atatu opera, Swan Lake ballet, quartets atatu ndi ena angapo, kuphatikizapo ntchito zazikulu ndithu ndi zofunika, analengedwa pamaso 1878. Ngati tiwonjezera ku ichi chachikulu, nthawi yambiri ntchito yophunzitsa pa Conservatory ndi kupitiriza mgwirizano mu Moscow nyuzipepala monga wolemba nyimbo mpaka m'ma 70s, ndiye munthu involuntarily anakanthidwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu ndi otaya yosatha ya kudzoza kwake.

Kulenga pachimake pa nthawi imeneyi anali awiri mwaluso - "Eugene Onegin" ndi Symphony Chachinayi. Kulengedwa kwawo kudagwirizana ndi vuto lalikulu lamalingaliro lomwe linapangitsa Tchaikovsky pamphepete mwa kudzipha. Chisonkhezero chamsanga cha kugwedezeka kumeneku chinali ukwati kwa mkazi, zosatheka kukhala pamodzi ndi amene anazindikiridwa kuyambira masiku oyambirira ndi wopeka. Komabe, vutolo linakonzedwa ndi kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe ya moyo wake ndi mulu kwa zaka zingapo. "Banja losapambana lidakulitsa vutoli," akutero BV Asafiev moyenerera, "chifukwa Tchaikovsky, atalakwitsa powerengera kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo atsopano, abwino kwambiri - abanja m'mikhalidwe yomwe adapatsidwa, adamasuka mwachangu - wathunthu kulenga ufulu. Kuti vutoli silinali lachilengedwe, koma linakonzedwa ndi chitukuko chonse chofulumira cha ntchito ya wolembayo komanso kumverera kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa kulenga, zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za kuphulika kwamanjenje: opera Eugene Onegin ndi wotchuka Wachinayi Symphony. .

Pamene kuopsa kwa vutoli kunachepa pang'ono, nthawi inafika yofufuza mozama ndi kukonzanso njira yonse yomwe anayenda, yomwe inapitirira kwa zaka zambiri. Ndondomekoyi inatsagana ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu ndi iye mwini: nthawi zambiri madandaulo amamveka m'makalata a Tchaikovsky ponena za kusowa kwa luso, kusakhwima ndi kupanda ungwiro kwa zonse zomwe adalemba mpaka pano; nthawi zina zimawoneka kwa iye kuti watopa, watopa ndipo sangathenso kupanga chilichonse chofunikira. Kudzipenda mofatsa komanso kodekha kuli mu kalata yopita kwa von Meck yolembedwa pa Meyi 25-27, 1882: “… Kusintha kosakayikitsa kwachitika mwa ine. Palibenso kupepuka kumeneko, chisangalalo cha ntchito, chifukwa chake masiku ndi maola zidadutsa mosadziwika kwa ine. Ndimadzitonthoza ndekha ndi mfundo yakuti ngati zolemba zanga zotsatila sizitenthedwa ndi kumverera kwenikweni kusiyana ndi zam'mbuyomo, ndiye kuti adzapambana mu maonekedwe, adzakhala mwadala, okhwima kwambiri.

Nthawi yochokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 80 mu chitukuko cha Tchaikovsky ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati nthawi yofufuza ndi kudzikundikira mphamvu kuti adziwe ntchito zatsopano zamakono. Ntchito yake yolenga sinachepe m’zaka zimenezi. Chifukwa cha thandizo lazachuma la von Meck, Tchaikovsky adatha kumasuka ku ntchito yake yolemetsa m'makalasi ophunzirira a Moscow Conservatory ndikudzipereka kwathunthu pakulemba nyimbo. Ntchito zingapo zimatuluka pansi pa cholembera chake, mwina chopanda mphamvu zochititsa chidwi komanso kuzama kwa mawu monga Romeo ndi Juliet, Francesca kapena Fourth Symphony, chithumwa chotere cha nyimbo zachikondi ndi ndakatulo monga Eugene Onegin, koma mwaluso, zosaoneka bwino m’mawonekedwe ndi m’mapangidwe ake, zolembedwa ndi kulingalira kwakukulu, zanzeru ndi zanzeru, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi luntha loona. Awa ndi ma suti atatu okongola a orchestra ndi nyimbo zina za symphonic zazaka izi. Osewera a "The Maid of Orleans ndi Mazeppa", omwe adapangidwa nthawi yomweyo, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa mawonekedwe, chikhumbo chawo chakuthwa, zovuta kwambiri, ngakhale akuvutika ndi zotsutsana zamkati komanso kusowa kwaukadaulo waluso.

Kusaka uku ndi zochitika zinakonzekeretsa wolembayo kuti asinthe kupita ku gawo latsopano la ntchito yake, yodziwika ndi kukhwima kwaluso kwambiri, kuphatikiza kwakuya ndi kufunikira kwa malingaliro ndi ungwiro wa kukhazikitsa kwawo, kulemera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu ndi njira za mawu anyimbo. Mu ntchito zotere zapakati ndi theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 80 monga "Manfred", "Hamlet", Fifth Symphony, poyerekeza ndi ntchito zoyamba za Tchaikovsky, zomwe zimakhala zakuya kwambiri m'maganizo, kuganiza mozama kumawonekera, zolinga zoopsa zimakula. M'zaka zomwezo, ntchito yake imadziwika bwino ndi anthu kunyumba komanso m'mayiko ambiri akunja. Monga Laroche adanenapo kale, ku Russia mu 80s amakhala chimodzimodzi monga Verdi anali ku Italy mu 50s. Wopeka, amene ankafuna kukhala payekha, tsopano mofunitsitsa amaonekera pamaso pa anthu ndi kuchita pa siteji konsati yekha, kuchititsa ntchito zake. Mu 1885, iye anasankhidwa wapampando wa nthambi ya Moscow wa RMS ndi kutenga nawo mbali yokonza moyo konsati Moscow, kupezeka mayeso pa Conservatory. Kuyambira 1888, maulendo ake opambana a konsati adayamba ku Western Europe ndi United States of America.

Zochita zoyimba kwambiri, zapagulu komanso zamakonsati sizifooketsa mphamvu zakulenga za Tchaikovsky. Pofuna kuti akhazikike pakupanga nyimbo panthawi yake yopuma, adakhazikika pafupi ndi Klin mu 1885, ndipo m'chaka cha 1892 adachita lendi nyumba kunja kwa mzinda wa Klin, womwe udakalipo mpaka lero. kukumbukira wolemba wamkulu komanso chosungira chachikulu cha cholowa chake cholemera kwambiri cha malembo apamanja.

Zaka zisanu zomaliza za moyo wa woimbayo zidadziwika ndi maluwa apamwamba komanso owala kwambiri a ntchito yake yolenga. Mu nthawi ya 1889 - 1893 adalenga ntchito zodabwitsa monga "Queen of Spades" ndi "Iolanthe", "Sleeping Beauty" ndi "The Nutcracker" ndipo, potsiriza, osayerekezeka mu mphamvu ya tsoka, kuya kwa kupangidwa kwa mafunso a moyo ndi imfa ya munthu, kulimba mtima komanso kumveka bwino, kukwanira kwa lingaliro lachisanu ndi chimodzi ("Pathetic") Symphony. Pokhala chifukwa cha moyo wonse ndi njira yolenga ya wopeka, ntchito izi zinali pa nthawi yomweyo yopambana molimba mtima m'tsogolo ndipo anatsegula m'maso latsopano luso zoweta nyimbo. Zambiri mwa izo tsopano zikuwoneka ngati chiyembekezo cha zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa pambuyo pake ndi oimba aku Russia azaka za zana la XNUMX - Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Shostakovich.

Tchaikovsky sanafunikire kupyola muzitsulo za kuchepa kwa kulenga ndi kufota - imfa yosayembekezereka yosayembekezereka inamupeza panthawi yomwe anali adakali wamphamvu ndipo anali pamwamba pa luso lake lamphamvu.

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Tchaikovsky nyimbo, kale pa moyo wake, analowa chikumbumtima cha zigawo zikuluzikulu za anthu Russian ndipo anakhala mbali yofunika ya cholowa dziko lauzimu. Dzina lake likufanana ndi mayina a Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky ndi oimira ena akuluakulu a Russian classical literature ndi luso lazojambula. Imfa yosayembekezeka ya woimbayo mu 1893 idawonedwa ndi Russia yonse yowunikira ngati kutayika kwadziko kosatheka. Zomwe anali kwa anthu ambiri oganiza bwino zimatsimikiziridwa momveka bwino ndi chivomerezo cha VG Karatygin, chofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi cha munthu amene adalandira ntchito ya Tchaikovsky mopanda malire komanso motsutsa kwambiri. M’nkhani yofotokoza za zaka XNUMX za imfa yake, Karatygin analemba kuti: “… Pamene Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky anamwalira ku St. Sindinathe kumvetsetsa kukula kwa kutayika , kuchitidwa ndi Russian anthukomanso zowawa kumva mtima wachisoni chonse cha Russia. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, pamaziko awa, ndinamva kugwirizana kwanga ndi anthu onse. Ndipo chifukwa ndiye izo zinachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuti ndili ndi ngongole ya Tchaikovsky kudzutsidwa koyamba mwa ine ndekha za kumverera kwa nzika, membala wa anthu a ku Russia, tsiku la imfa yake likadali ndi tanthauzo lapadera kwa ine.

Mphamvu ya malingaliro yomwe inachokera kwa Tchaikovsky monga wojambula ndi munthu inali yaikulu: palibe wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia mmodzi yemwe anayamba ntchito yake yolenga m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi za zaka za m'ma 900 adathawa mphamvu zake ku digiri imodzi kapena ina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'zaka za m'ma 910 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, pokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa zizindikiro ndi machitidwe ena atsopano aluso, zizolowezi zamphamvu za "anti-Chaikovist" zinawonekera m'magulu ena a nyimbo. Nyimbo zake zimayamba kuwoneka ngati zosavuta komanso zachilendo, zopanda chidwi ku "maiko ena", kwachinsinsi komanso osadziwika.

Mu 1912, N. Ya. Myaskovsky anatsutsa mwamphamvu kunyansidwa kwa cholowa cha Tchaikovsky m'nkhani yodziwika bwino "Tchaikovsky ndi Beethoven." Iye anakana mwaukali zoyesayesa za otsutsa ena zopeputsa kufunika kwa wolemba nyimbo wamkulu wa ku Russia, “omwe ntchito yake sinangopatsa amayi mwayi wokhala pamlingo wofanana ndi mitundu ina yonse ya zikhalidwe podzizindikiritsa okha, koma potero anakonzekeretsa njira zaufulu zakudza. zabwino kwambiri. ”… Kufanana komwe kwadziwika tsopano pakati pa olemba awiri omwe mayina awo akufaniziridwa mumutu wa nkhaniyo kungawonekere kwa ambiri molimba mtima komanso kodabwitsa. Nkhani ya Myaskovsky inadzutsa mayankho otsutsana, kuphatikizapo otsutsana kwambiri. Koma panali zolankhulidwa m’manyuzipepala zomwe zinachirikiza ndi kukulitsa malingaliro operekedwa mmenemo.

Maonekedwe a malingaliro olakwikawa pa ntchito ya Tchaikovsky, yomwe idachokera ku zokonda zokongola zachiyambi cha zaka za zana lino, zidamvekanso m'zaka za m'ma 20, zolumikizana modabwitsa ndi machitidwe onyansa azaka zimenezo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, inali zaka khumi izi zomwe zinadziwika ndi kukwera kwatsopano kwa chidwi cha cholowa cha katswiri wamkulu wa ku Russia komanso kumvetsetsa mozama za kufunikira kwake ndi tanthauzo lake, momwe ubwino waukulu uli wa BV Asafiev monga wofufuza ndi propagandist. Zofalitsa zambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana m'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira zinavumbula kulemera ndi kusinthasintha kwa fano la Tchaikovsky la kulenga monga mmodzi mwa akatswiri ojambula kwambiri aumunthu ndi oganiza zakale.

Mikangano yokhudza kufunika kwa nyimbo za Tchaikovsky yasiya kukhala yofunika kwa ife, luso lake lapamwamba silimangochepa poyang'ana zochitika zaposachedwa za luso la nyimbo la Russia ndi dziko la nthawi yathu, koma likukula nthawi zonse ndikudziwonetsera mozama. ndi okulirapo, kuchokera ku mbali zatsopano, osazindikirika kapena kunyozedwa ndi anthu amasiku ano ndi oimira mbadwo wotsatira womwe unamutsatira.

Yu. Inu

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