Chitoliro: ndi chiyani, mawonekedwe a chida, phokoso, mbiri yakale, mitundu

Chitoliro ndi chimodzi mwa zida zakale kwambiri zoimbira zomwe zakhudza zikhalidwe zambiri padziko lapansi.

Chitoliro ndi chiyani

Mtundu - chida choimbira chamatabwa, aerophone. Ndi wa gulu la woodwinds, ali m'gulu la labials. Mu nyimbo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu yonse, kuchokera kumtundu wa anthu mpaka pop.

Dzina lachi Russia la chidacho limachokera ku dzina lachilatini - "flauta".

kapangidwe

Mtundu wa classic uli ndi thupi lopindika la cylindrical, cork, siponji, muzzle, mavavu ndi chigongono chapansi. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ndi bulauni, siliva, yofiira kwambiri.

Chitoliro chachikulu chimadziwika ndi mutu wowongoka. Pamitundu ya alto ndi bass, yopindika imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zida zopangira - nkhuni, siliva, platinamu, nickel. Mtundu wa mutu - cylindrical. Kumanzere kuli chibonga chomwe chimagwira ntchito ya chidacho.

Pali mitundu iwiri yowonjezera:

• Motsatana. Mavavu ali mzere umodzi.
• kuchepetsa. Vavu ya mchere imakhala padera.

kumveka

Chitoliro chimapanga phokoso pamene jeti ya mpweya idutsa dzenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwedezeka. Mtsinje wowombedwa ndi mpweya umagwira ntchito molingana ndi lamulo la Bernoulli. Woimba amasintha phokoso la phokoso mwa kutsegula ndi kutseka mabowo pa thupi la chidacho. Izi zimasintha kutalika kwa resonator, zomwe zimawonekera pafupipafupi pamlengalenga. Mwa kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa mpweya, woimba amathanso kusintha kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi pakamwa kamodzi.

Mitundu yotseguka imamveka mocheperapo kuposa mitundu yotsekedwa yofanana. Mitundu yayikulu yamawu: H mpaka C4.

mitundu

Mosiyana ndi zida zina zoimbira, mitundu ya zitoliro imasiyana kwambiri pamapangidwe ndi kamvekedwe.

Zitoliro zopanda choyimbira zili ndi mawonekedwe osavuta. Woimbayo amawuzira mpweya m’dzenje limodzi, lomwe limatuluka m’liwulo lina ndi phokoso. Phokosoli limayang'aniridwa ndi mphamvu ya mpweya komanso mabowo a zala omwe amadutsana. Chitsanzo ndi kena kachikhalidwe cha ku India. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi 25-70 cm. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita ntchito za anthu amtundu waku South America. Zosiyanasiyana zofananira popanda kuyimba muluzi ndi nsungwi za ku Japan shakuhachi ndi chitoliro chamatabwa cha China cha xiao.

Ma Aerophone okhala ndi mluzu amatulutsa mawu opangidwa kuchokera munjira ya mpweya kudzera mu makina apadera. Njirayi imatchedwa mlomo, woimbayo amawombera mkati mwake. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa whistle ndi chojambulira. Chotchinga chimayikidwa pamutu. Mabowo apansi ndi awiri. Cholembacho chimatengedwa mothandizidwa ndi foloko zala. Khalidwe la mawu ndi lofooka, zitsanzo zodutsa zimamveka mokweza.

Mtundu wofananawo ndi chitoliro. Zodziwika pakati pa anthu a Asilavo. Amadziwika ndi phokoso la 2 octaves. Kutalika 30-35 cm. Zogwirizana Russian wowerengeka zida: fife, pyzhatka, awiri zhaleyka.

Chitoliro chapawiri ndi kapangidwe kamene kamakhala ndi kachipangizo kawiri. Baibulo la Chibelarusi limatchedwa chitoliro cha awiri. Kutalika kwa chubu choyamba ndi 330-250 mm, chachiwiri - 270-390 mm. Posewera, amagwiridwa molunjika kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake.

Matembenuzidwe opangidwa ndi mipiringidzo yambiri amawoneka ngati mndandanda wa machubu opangidwa ndi utali wosiyana. Woyimbayo amawomba m'machubu osiyanasiyana, kumapeto kwake kumamveka mosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo: siringa, panflute, coogicles.

Chitoliro chamakono chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo. Khalidwe lomveka - soprano. Phokoso limasinthidwa ndi kuwomba ndi kutseka ndi kutsegula ma valve. Zimatanthawuza ma aerophone odutsa.

Mbiri ya chiyambi ndi chitukuko

Mbiri ya chitoliro imayambira zaka 45 zapitazo. Wotsogolera chitoliro ndi woimba mluzu. Ili ndi dzina loperekedwa ku machubu akale a mluzu okhala ndi mabowo awiri - pokoka mpweya ndikutuluka. Kutuluka kwa chitoliro kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyambi cha maonekedwe a mabowo a zala.

Zotsalira za chitoliro chakale kwambiri zinapezeka ku Slovenia, pamalo ofukula mabwinja a Divye Babe. Pafupifupi zaka zomwe anapezazo ndi zaka 43. Amakhulupirira kuti iyi ndiye gawo lakale kwambiri la chida choimbira, ndipo limatha kuwonekera koyamba kudera la Slovenia yamakono. Akatswiri ambiri amati chitoliro cha Divya Baba chinapangidwa ndi a Neanderthals. Wofufuza wa ku Slovenia M. Brodar amakhulupirira kuti zomwe anapezazo zinapangidwa ndi Cro-Magnons wa nthawi ya Paleolithic mochedwa.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kusiyana kwina kwakale kunapezeka ku Germany pafupi ndi Ulm. Ali ndi kukula kochepa. Maonekedwe a mabowo asanu amakhala ndi chodulira chooneka ngati Y cha pakamwa pa woimbayo. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafupa a mbulu. Pambuyo pake, ma aerophone akale ambiri adapezeka ku Germany. Zomwe adapeza azaka za 42-43 adapezeka mdera la Blaubeuren.

Ma aerophone angapo adapezeka mumtsinje wa Hole Fels, womwe uli kutali ndi zojambula za miyala. Polankhula za zimene anapezazo, asayansi anaika chiphunzitso chakuti “chimasonyeza kukhalapo kwa miyambo yoimba panthaŵi imene anthu amakono analamulira Ulaya.” Asayansiwo adanenanso kuti kupeza chidachi kungathandize kufotokoza kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi maganizo pakati pa Neanderthals ndi anthu oyambirira amakono.

Chitoliro cha mafupa chomwe chinasungabe zida zake zosewerera chinapezedwa kumanda a Xiahu ku Henan, China. Pamodzi ndi iye panali makope ena 29 osweka okhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono m'mapangidwe. Zaka - 9 zaka. Chiwerengero cha mabowo chala 000-5.

Chitoliro chakale kwambiri chaku China chomwe chidapezeka m'manda a Prince Yi. Anthu aku China amachitcha "chi". Ikhoza kupangidwa mu 433 BC, kumapeto kwa Zhou Dynasty. Thupi lopangidwa ndi nsungwi lacquered. Pali 5 cutouts mbali. Chi amatchulidwa m'malemba a Confucius.

Zolemba zakale kwambiri za chida champhepo zinayambira 2600-2700 BC. Ulembi umapangidwa ndi anthu aku Sumerian. Zida zamphepo zimatchulidwanso mu piritsi lomasuliridwa posachedwapa ndi ndakatulo ya GilPlaysh. Ndakatulo yamphamvu idalembedwa pakati pa 2100-600 BC.

Pakati pa mfundo zosangalatsa: mapiritsi angapo a ku Sumerian otchedwa "zolemba zanyimbo" anamasuliridwa. Matebulowo ali ndi malangizo osinthira bwino masikelo a zida zoimbira. Imodzi mwa masikelo imatchedwa "embubum", kutanthauza "chitoliro" mu Chiakadian.

Zitoliro zimakhala ndi malo ofunikira pachikhalidwe ndi nthano za ku India. Zolemba za ku India za m'zaka za zana la 16 BC zili ndi maumboni ambiri okhudza kusiyanasiyana. Olemba mbiri yakale a nyimbo amakhulupirira kuti India ndi malo obadwira a mtanda.

Chitoliro chotalika kwambiri chinawonekera m'dera la Egypt yamakono cha m'ma 3000 BC. Pakalipano, ikupitirizabe kukhala chida chachikulu champhepo m'mayiko achisilamu a ku Middle East.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, chitoliro chodutsa chinayamba kutchuka ku Ulaya, chomwe chimadziwikabe mpaka pano. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, zitsanzo zazitali zidabwera ku Europe.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, woyimba waku France a Jacques Otteter adasintha kamangidwe ka chidacho. Mabowo a zala anali ndi mavavu. Zotsatira zake ndikumveka kwamitundu yonse ya mawu a chromatic. Kupanga mapangidwe atsopano kunapangitsa kuti kutchuka kwa chojambulira chotalika. Kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX, chitoliro chosinthidwa chatenga gawo lofunikira pagulu la oimba. Oimba oimba opanda chida chimenechi anayamba kuonedwa kuti ndi otsika.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, Theobald Böhm adasintha kwambiri kapangidwe kake. Mmisiriyo anakonza mabowowo molingana ndi mfundo zamayimbidwe, mphete zowonjezedwa ndi mavavu, adayika njira yopingasa ya cylindrical. Baibulo latsopanoli linapangidwa ndi siliva, kupangitsa kuti likhale lokwera mtengo. Kuyambira pamenepo, chidacho sichinalandire kusintha kwakukulu pamapangidwe.

Oimba zitoliro odziwika

Mmodzi mwa osewera odziwika bwino a chitoliro chamakono ndi Nicola Mazzanti waku Italy. Adalemba ma Albums angapo odzipereka kwathunthu ku chitoliro cha piccollo. Amasindikizanso mabuku amomwe mungasewere piccollo.

Soviet flutist Nikolai Platonov anali kupereka udindo wa Analemekeza Wojambula wa RSFSR. Nyimbo zake zodziwika bwino ndi opera "Lieutenant Schmidt", "Overture for Symphony Orchestra", "12 Etudes for Solo".

Woimba waku America Lizzo, yemwe amachita hip-hop, amagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro mwachangu mu nyimbo zake. Mu 2020, Lizzo adalandira Mphotho ya Grammy ya Best Urban Contemporary Music Album.

Mu nyimbo za rock, gulu la Jethro Tull linali loyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chitoliro. Chidacho chimayimba ndi woyimba wa gululo Ian Anderson.