Zina mu Nyimbo: Tempo (Phunziro 11)

Ndi phunziro ili, tiyamba maphunziro angapo okhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo.

Kodi nchiyani chimapangitsa nyimbo kukhala zachilendo, zosaiŵalika? Momwe mungachokere ku mawonekedwe opanda pake a nyimbo, kuti ikhale yowala, yosangalatsa kumvetsera? Ndi njira zotani zofotokozera nyimbo zomwe olemba ndi oimba amagwiritsa ntchito kuti akwaniritse izi? Tiyesetsa kuyankha mafunso onsewa.

Ndikuyembekeza kuti aliyense akudziwa kapena akuganiza kuti kupanga nyimbo sikungolemba mndandanda wa zolemba zogwirizana ... Nyimbo ndi kulankhulana, kulankhulana pakati pa woimba ndi woimba, woimba ndi omvera. Nyimbo ndi mawu achilendo, odabwitsa a wolemba ndi woimba, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimawululira omvera zinthu zonse zamkati zomwe zili zobisika m'miyoyo yawo. Ndi chithandizo cha mawu oimba omwe amalumikizana ndi anthu, amakopa chidwi chake, amadzutsa kuyankha kwamalingaliro kuchokera kwa iwo.

Monga m’mawu, m’nyimbo njira ziŵiri zazikulu zosonyezera kutengeka mtima ndizo tempo (liwiro) ndi mphamvu (mokweza). Izi ndizo zida ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza zolemba zoyezedwa bwino pa kalata kukhala nyimbo yomveka bwino yomwe siidzasiya aliyense.

Mu phunziro ili, tikambirana kuyenda.

Maulendo limatanthauza “nthawi” m’Chilatini, ndipo mukamva munthu akulankhula za tempo ya nyimbo, ndiye kuti munthuyo akunena za liwiro limene liyenera kuyimbidwa.

Tanthauzo la tempo lidzamveka bwino ngati tikumbukira mfundo yakuti poyamba nyimbo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyimbo zotsatizana povina. Ndipo kunali kuyenda kwa mapazi a ovina komwe kumayendetsa mayendedwe a nyimbo, ndipo oyimba amatsatira ovina.

Chiyambireni kupangidwa kwa nyimbo zoimbira, olemba ayesa kupeza njira yosinthira molondola tempo yomwe nyimbo zojambulidwa ziyenera kuseweredwa. Izi zimayenera kupeputsa kwambiri kuwerenga zolemba za nyimbo yosadziwika bwino. Patapita nthawi, adawona kuti ntchito iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu yamkati. Ndipo pulsation iyi ndi yosiyana pa ntchito iliyonse. Monga mtima wa munthu aliyense, umagunda mosiyana, pa liwiro losiyana.

Choncho, ngati tikufuna kudziwa kugunda kwa mtima, timawerengera kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwa mtima pamphindi. Kotero ziri mu nyimbo - kuti alembe liwiro la pulsation, anayamba kulemba chiwerengero cha kumenyedwa pamphindi.

Kuti ndikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa kuti mita ndi chiyani komanso momwe mungadziwire, ndikupangira kuti mutenge wotchi ndikudinda phazi lanu sekondi iliyonse. Mwamva? Inu dinani chimodzi gawokapena pang'ono pamphindikati. Tsopano, mukuyang'ana wotchi yanu, gwirani phazi lanu kawiri sekondi imodzi. Panalinso kugunda kwina. Mafupipafupi omwe mumaponda nawo phazi lanu amatchedwa pa liwiro (or mita). Mwachitsanzo, mukapondaponda phazi lanu kamodzi pa sekondi imodzi, tempo imagunda 60 pamphindi, chifukwa pali masekondi 60 pamphindi imodzi, monga tikudziwira. Timagunda kawiri sekondi imodzi, ndipo liwiro liri kale kumenyedwa 120 pamphindi.

Muzolemba za nyimbo, zikuwoneka motere:

Kutchulidwa uku kumatiuza kuti cholemba cha kotala chimatengedwa ngati gawo la kugunda, ndipo kugunda uku kumapita pafupipafupi kumenyedwa kwa 60 pamphindi.

Nachi chitsanzo china:

Pano, nayenso, nthawi ya kotala imatengedwa ngati gawo la pulsation, koma kuthamanga kwa pulsation ndi kawiri mofulumira - 120 kugunda pamphindi.

Palinso zitsanzo zina zomwe si kotala, koma nthawi yachisanu ndi chitatu kapena theka, kapena ina, imatengedwa ngati gawo la pulsation… Nazi zitsanzo zingapo:

M'bukuli, nyimbo yakuti "Kumazizira M'nyengo yaZinja pa Mtengo Waung'ono wa Khrisimasi" idzamveka mofulumira kwambiri kuposa nyimbo yoyamba, popeza nthawiyi ndi yayifupi kawiri ngati gawo la mita - m'malo mwa kotala,chisanu ndi chitatu.

Matchulidwe otere a tempo nthawi zambiri amapezeka munyimbo zamakono zamapepala. Olemba akale ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofotokozera tempo. Ngakhale masiku ano, mawu omwewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza tempo ndi liwiro la ntchito monga nthawi imeneyo. Awa ndi mawu achi Italiya, chifukwa atayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, nyimbo zambiri ku Europe zidapangidwa ndi oimba a ku Italy.

Zotsatirazi ndizodziwika kwambiri za tempo mu nyimbo. M'mabulaketi kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso lingaliro lathunthu la tempo, kuchuluka kwa kumenyedwa pamphindi pamphindi pa tempo yoperekedwa kumaperekedwa, chifukwa anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti izi kapena tempo iyenera kumveka mwachangu bwanji kapena pang'onopang'ono.

• Manda - (manda) - mayendedwe otsika kwambiri (40 beats / min)
• Largo - (largo) - pang'onopang'ono (44 beats / min)
• Lento - (lento) - pang'onopang'ono (52 beats / min)
• Adagio - (adagio) - pang'onopang'ono, modekha (58 beats / min)
• Andante - (andante) - pang'onopang'ono (66 beats / min)
• Andantino - (andantino) - mosangalala (78 beats / min)
• Moderato - (moderato) - pang'onopang'ono (88 beats / min)
• Allegretto - (allegretto) - mwachangu kwambiri (104 kumenyedwa / min)
• Allegro - (allegro) - mofulumira (132 bpm)
• Vivo - (vivo) - yamoyo (160 beats / min)
• Presto - (presto) - mwachangu kwambiri (184 kumenyedwa / min)
• Prestissimo - (prestissimo) - mwachangu kwambiri (208 beats / min)

Komabe, tempo sikutanthauza kuti gawo liyenera kuseweredwa mwachangu kapena pang'onopang'ono. Chiyembekezo chimakhazikitsanso chikhalidwe cha chidutswacho: mwachitsanzo, nyimbo zimayimba kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono, pa tempo ya manda, zimadzutsa kukhumudwa kwambiri, koma nyimbo zomwezo, ngati zimachitidwa mofulumira kwambiri, pa prestissimo tempo, zidzawoneka. wokondwa kwambiri komanso wowala kwa inu. Nthawi zina, kuti afotokoze bwino za chikhalidwecho, olemba nyimbo amagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zotsatirazi polemba tempo:

• kuwala - легко
• cantabile - momveka bwino
• dolce - modekha
• mezzo mawu - theka la mawu
• sonore - sonorous (osati kusokonezedwa ndi kukuwa)
• lugubre - zachisoni
• pesante - yolemetsa, yolemetsa
• funebre - maliro, maliro
• chikondwerero - chikondwerero (chikondwerero)
• quasi rithmico - anatsindika (mokokomeza) monyinyirika
• misterioso - mwachinsinsi

Mawu oterowo amalembedwa osati kumayambiriro kwa ntchito, komanso angawonekere mkati mwake.

Kuti tikusokonezeni pang'ono, tinene kuti kuphatikiza ndi tempo notation, ma adverbs othandizira nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumveketsa mithunzi:

• kwambiri - kwambiri,
• kwambiri - kwambiri,
• con moto - ndi kuyenda, commodo - yabwino,
• non troppo - osati kwambiri
• osati tanto - osati kwambiri
• semper - nthawi zonse
• meno mosso - zochepa mafoni
• piu mosso - zambiri zam'manja.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati tempo ya nyimbo ndi poco allegro (poco allegro), ndiye izi zikutanthauza kuti chidutswacho chiyenera kuseweredwa "mwachangu kwambiri", ndipo poco largo (poco largo) angatanthauze "m'malo mwapang'onopang'ono".

Nthawi zina mawu anyimbo mu chidutswa amaseweredwa pa tempo yosiyana; izi zimachitidwa kuti apereke kumveka kokulirapo ku ntchito yoimba. Nazi malingaliro ochepa osintha tempo omwe mungakumane nawo muzolemba zanyimbo:

Kuti muchepetse:

• ritenuto - kudziletsa
• ritardando - kukhala mochedwa
• allargando - kukulitsa
• rallentando - kuchepetsa

Kufulumizitsa:

• accelerando - kuthamanga,
• animando - zolimbikitsa
• stringendo - kuthamanga
• stretto - woponderezedwa, kufinya

Kubwezeretsa kusuntha ku tempo yoyambirira, zolemba zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• tempo - pa liwiro,
• tempo primo - tempo yoyamba,
• tempo I - tempo yoyamba,
• l'istesso tempo - tempo yomweyo.

Pomaliza, ndikuwuzani kuti simukuwopa zambiri kotero kuti simungathe kuloweza mayina awa pamtima. Pali mabuku ambiri ofotokozera mawu awa.

Musanasewere nyimbo, mumangofunika kumvetsera kutchulidwa kwa tempo, ndikuyang'ana kumasulira kwake m'buku lofotokozera. Koma, ndithudi, choyamba muyenera kuphunzira kachidutswa pang'onopang'ono kwambiri, ndiyeno muzisewera pamlingo woperekedwa, poganizira mawu onse pagawo lonselo.