Harpsichord

harpsichord [French] clavecin, kuchokera ku Late Lat. clavicymbalum, kuchokera ku lat. clavis - kiyi (motero fungulo) ndi chinganga - zinganga] - chida choimbidwa ndi kiyibodi. Zodziwika kuyambira zaka za zana la 16. (inayamba kumangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 14), chidziwitso choyamba chokhudza harpsichord chinayamba mu 1511; Chida chakale kwambiri cha ntchito yaku Italy chomwe chakhalapo mpaka pano chinayamba mu 1521.

Harpsichord inachokera ku psalterium (chifukwa cha kumangidwanso ndi kuwonjezera makina a kiyibodi).

Poyamba, harpsichord inali yofanana ndi quadrangular ndipo imafanana ndi "clavichord" yaulere, mosiyana ndi yomwe inali ndi zingwe zautali wosiyana (kiyi iliyonse inkafanana ndi chingwe chapadera chomwe chimayikidwa mumtundu wina) ndi makina ovuta kwambiri. Zingwe za harpsichord zinabweretsedwa kugwedezeka ndi pinch mothandizidwa ndi nthenga ya mbalame, yokwera pa ndodo - pusher. Akadina kiyi, choponderacho, chomwe chinali kumapeto kwake, chinanyamuka ndipo nthengayo inagwira chingwecho (pambuyo pake, nthenga yachikopa inagwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa nthenga ya mbalame).

Chipangizo ndi phokoso

Chipangizo cha kumtunda kwa pusher: 1 - chingwe, 2 - olamulira a njira yotulutsira, 3 - languette (kuchokera ku French languette), 4 - plectrum (lilime), 5 - damper.

Phokoso la harpsichord ndi lomveka bwino, koma losamveka (logwedezeka) - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizingasinthe kusintha kwamphamvu (ndikukweza, koma kumamveka pang'ono kusiyana ndi clavichord), kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi timbre ya phokoso. sizitengera mtundu wa kumenyedwa pa makiyi. Pofuna kukulitsa sonority ya harpsichord, zingwe ziwiri, zitatu komanso ngakhale zinayi (pa toni iliyonse) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimalumikizidwa limodzi, octave, ndipo nthawi zina.

Evolution

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 17, zingwe zachitsulo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa zingwe zam'mimba, zomwe zikuwonjezeka kutalika (kuchokera ku treble kupita ku bass). Chidacho chinapeza mawonekedwe a triangular pterygoid okhala ndi nthawi yayitali (mofanana ndi makiyi) dongosolo la zingwe.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18 kuti harpsichord imveke mosiyanasiyana, zida zidapangidwa ndi ma kiyibodi a 2 (nthawi zina 3) (mabuku), omwe amakonzedwa mokhotakhota imodzi pamwamba pa inzake (kawirikawiri buku lapamwamba limasinthidwa ndi octave pamwamba) , komanso masinthidwe olembetsa okulitsa ma trebles, kuwirikiza kawiri kwa mabasi ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa timbre (lute register, bassoon registry, etc.).

Zolemberazo zinkayendetsedwa ndi ma levers omwe ali m'mbali mwa kiyibodi, kapena ndi mabatani omwe ali pansi pa kiyibodi, kapena ndi ma pedals. Pa ma zeze ena, pamitundu yokulirapo ya timbre, kiyibodi yachitatu idakonzedwa ndi mtundu wina wa timbre, womwe nthawi zambiri umatikumbutsa za lute (chotchedwa lute kiyibodi).

Maonekedwe

Kunja, harpsichords nthawi zambiri anamaliza kaso kwambiri (thupi chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula, inlays, zojambula). Mapeto a chidacho anali ogwirizana ndi mipando yokongola ya nthawi ya Louis XV. M'zaka za m'ma 16 ndi m'ma 17 Ma zeze a akatswiri a ku Antwerp Ruckers ankadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kumveka kwawo komanso luso lawo.

Harpsichord m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

Dzina lakuti "harpsichord" (ku France; archichord - ku England, kielflugel - ku Germany, clavichembalo kapena cembalo yofupikitsidwa - ku Italy) adasungidwa kwa zida zazikulu zooneka ngati mapiko zomwe zimakhala ndi ma octave mpaka 5. Panalinso zida zing'onozing'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowoneka ngati makona anayi, zokhala ndi zingwe zing'onozing'ono komanso maulendo okwana 4 octaves, otchedwa: epinet (ku France), spinet (ku Italy), virginel (ku England).

Harpsichord yokhala ndi thupi loyima ndi claviciterium. Harpsichord idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati solo, gulu loyimba komanso chida cha orchestral.

Wopanga kalembedwe ka virtuoso harpsichord anali woyimba nyimbo wa ku Italy komanso woyimba zeze D. Scarlatti (ali ndi ntchito zambiri za harpsichord); woyambitsa sukulu ya French Harpsichordists anali J. Chambonnière (Harpsichord Pieces, mabuku 2, 1670, anali otchuka).

Pakati pa oimba zeze aku France kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18. - F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. Nyimbo za harpsichord za ku France ndi luso la kukoma koyengedwa bwino, makhalidwe abwino, omveka bwino, ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba. Kumveka bwino komanso kozizira kwa zeze kunali kogwirizana ndi “mawu abwino” a anthu osankhidwa.

Kalembedwe kolimba (rococo) idawoneka bwino pakati pa oimba zeze aku France. Mitu yomwe ankakonda kwambiri yaing'onoting'ono ya harpsichord (yaing'ono ndi mawonekedwe a luso la rococo) inali zithunzi zachikazi ("Kulanda", "Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shay", "Mlongo Monica", "Florentine" ndi Couperin), chachikulu. Malo anali ovina koopsa (minuet , gavotte, etc.), zithunzi zowoneka bwino za moyo waumphawi ("Okolola", "Okolola Mphesa" ndi Couperin), ma onomatopoeic miniatures ("Nkhuku", "Clock", "Chirping" ndi Couperin, "Cuckoo" wolemba Daken, etc.). Chodziwika bwino cha nyimbo za harpsichord ndicho kuchuluka kwa zokometsera zamtundu.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII ntchito French harpsichordists anayamba kutha pa repertoire ya oimba. Chotsatira chake, chidacho, chomwe chinali ndi mbiri yakale komanso cholowa chochuluka chojambula, chinakakamizika kusiya ntchito yoimba ndipo m'malo mwa piyano. Osati kungokakamizidwa, koma kuyiwalika m'zaka za zana la 18.

Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa zokonda zokongola. Aesthetics ya Baroque, yomwe imachokera ku lingaliro lomveka bwino kapena lomveka bwino la chiphunzitso cha zikhumbo (mwachidule chenicheni: maganizo amodzi, zimakhudza - mtundu umodzi wa phokoso), umene harpsichord inali njira yabwino yofotokozera, inapereka njira yoyamba. ku kawonedwe ka dziko ka sentimentalism, kenako ku njira yamphamvu. - Classicism ndipo, potsiriza, Romanticism. Mu masitaelo onsewa, m'malo mwake, lingaliro la kusinthika - malingaliro, zithunzi, malingaliro - lakhala lokongola komanso lokulitsa. Ndipo limba adatha kufotokoza izo. Harpsichord sakanatha kuchita zonsezi - chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake.