Max Reger |

Max Reger

Reger ndi chizindikiro cha nyengo, mlatho pakati pa zaka mazana ambiri. E. Otto

Moyo waufupi wopanga wa woyimba wodziwika bwino waku Germany - wopeka, woyimba piyano, wochititsa, woyimba, mphunzitsi ndi wanthanthi - M. Reger unachitika chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za XNUMX-XNUMX. Atayamba ntchito yake yaukadaulo mogwirizana ndi kukondana mochedwa, makamaka motengera kalembedwe ka Wagnerian, Reger kuyambira pachiyambi adapeza malingaliro ena akale - makamaka mu cholowa cha JS Bach. Kuphatikizika kwamalingaliro achikondi ndikudalira kwambiri zaluso, zomveka bwino, zaluntha ndiye gwero la luso la Reger, luso lake lomwe akupita patsogolo, pafupi ndi oimba azaka za zana la XNUMX. "Wachijeremani wamkulu wa neoclassicist wa ku Germany" adatchedwa wolemba nyimbo ndi wosilira wake wachangu, wotsutsa wodabwitsa wa ku Russia V. Karatygin, pamene akunena kuti "Reger ndi mwana wamakono, amakopeka ndi mazunzo onse amakono ndi ziwembu."

Kuyankha mwachidwi ku zochitika zachitukuko zomwe zikuchitika, kupanda chilungamo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, Reger m'moyo wake wonse, dongosolo la maphunziro linagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyambo ya dziko - chikhalidwe chawo chapamwamba, chipembedzo cha luso la akatswiri, chidwi cha organ, chamber instrumental ndi nyimbo zoimba. Umu ndi momwe atate wake, mphunzitsi wa sukulu m’tauni yaing’ono ya Bavaria ya Weiden, anam’lera, umu ndimo mmene wolinganiza tchalitchi cha Weiden A. Lindner ndi katswiri wanthanthi wamkulu wa Chijeremani G. Riemann anaphunzitsira, amene analoŵetsa mu Reger chikondi cha ma classics Achijeremani. Kupyolera mu Riemann, nyimbo za I. Brahms kwamuyaya zinalowa m'maganizo a wolemba nyimbo wamng'ono, yemwe ntchito yake yophatikizira yachikale ndi yachikondi inayamba kuzindikira. Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti Reger adaganiza zotumiza ntchito yake yoyamba yofunika kwambiri - gulu la "In Memory of Bach" (1895). Woimba wachinyamatayo adawona yankho lomwe adalandira posakhalitsa Brahms asanamwalire ngati dalitso, mawu olekanitsa kuchokera kwa mbuye wamkulu, yemwe malangizo ake aluso adawasunga mosamalitsa m'moyo wake.

Reger adalandira luso lake loyamba loimba kuchokera kwa makolo ake (bambo ake adamuphunzitsa chiphunzitso, kusewera limba, violin ndi cello, amayi ake ankaimba piyano). Maluso owululidwa koyambirira adalola mnyamatayo kuti alowe m'malo mwa mphunzitsi wake Lindner mu tchalitchi kwa zaka 13, motsogozedwa ndi zomwe adayamba kulemba. Mu 1890-93. Reger amapukuta luso lake lopanga ndikuchita motsogozedwa ndi Riemann. Kenaka, ku Wiesbaden, anayamba ntchito yake yophunzitsa, yomwe inatenga moyo wake wonse, ku Royal Academy of Music ku Munich (1905-06), ku Leipzig Conservatory (1907-16). Ku Leipzig, Reger analinso wotsogolera nyimbo pa yunivesite. Pakati pa ophunzira ake pali oimba ambiri otchuka - I. Khas, O. Shek, E. Tokh, ndi ena. Reger nayenso anathandiza kwambiri pa zaluso za zisudzo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankaimba ngati woyimba piyano komanso woimba. Mu 1911-14 zaka. adatsogolera bwalo la symphony chapel la Duke wa Meiningen, ndikupanga kuchokera pamenepo gulu loimba lodabwitsa lomwe linagonjetsa Germany yonse ndi luso lake.

Komabe, kupeka kwa Reger sikunapezeke kuzindikirika nthawi yomweyo kudziko lakwawo. Zoyambazo sizinaphule kanthu, ndipo pambuyo pavuto lalikulu, mu 1898, atapezekanso m'malo opindulitsa a nyumba ya makolo ake, woimbayo adalowa m'nthawi ya chitukuko. Kwa zaka 3 amapanga ntchito zambiri - op. 20-59; Pakati pawo pali ma ensembles a chipinda, zidutswa za piyano, mawu omveka, koma ntchito zamagulu zimaonekera makamaka - zongopeka 7 pamitu yakwaya, Fantasia ndi fugue pamutu wa BACH (1900). Kukhwima kumabwera kwa Reger, malingaliro ake apadziko lonse lapansi, malingaliro pazaluso amapangidwa. Sanagwere m’chikhulupiriro, Reger anatsatira mwambi wa moyo wake wonse wakuti: “Palibe kulolerana m’nyimbo!” Kutsatira mfundo za m’nyimboyo kunaonekera makamaka ku Munich, kumene adaukiridwa koopsa ndi otsutsa ake oimba.

Ochuluka mu chiwerengero (146 opus), cholowa cha Reger ndi chosiyana kwambiri - onse mumtundu (amasowa masitepe okha), komanso m'mabuku - kuyambira nthawi ya Pre-Bahov mpaka Schumann, Wagner, Brahms. Koma wolemba nyimboyo anali ndi zokonda zakezake zapadera. Izi ndi ma chamber ensembles (70 opus for osiyanasiyana nyimbo) ndi organ nyimbo (pafupifupi 200 nyimbo). Sizodabwitsa kuti ndi m'dera lino pamene ubale wa Reger ndi Bach, kukopa kwake ku polyphony, ku mitundu yakale ya zida, kumamveka kwambiri. Chivomerezo cha wolemba nyimboyo ndi chodziwika bwino: “Ena amapanga ma fugues, ndimangokhalira kukhalamo. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa nyimbo za organ ya Reger ndizodziwika kwambiri m'nyimbo zake za okhestra ndi piyano, zomwe, m'malo mwa ma sonatas ndi ma symphonies wamba, kusinthika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatsogola - Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma symphonic and fugues pamitu ya J. Hiller ndi WA Mozart (1907) , 1914), Zosiyanasiyana ndi ma fugues a piyano pamitu ya JS Bach, GF Telemann, L. Beethoven (1904, 1914, 1904). Koma woipeka nayenso anatchera khutu ku mitundu yachikondi (orchestral Four Poems pambuyo pa A. Becklin - 1913, Romantic Suite pambuyo pa J. Eichendorff - 1912; kuzungulira kwa piyano ndi mawu ang'onoang'ono). Anasiyanso zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zamakwaya - kuchokera ku kwaya ya cappella kupita ku cantatas ndi Salmo 100 - 1909 lalikulu.

Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Reger adadziwika, mu 1910 chikondwerero cha nyimbo zake chinakhazikitsidwa ku Dortmund. Mmodzi mwa mayiko oyamba kuzindikira talente ya mbuye wa Germany anali Russia, komwe adachita bwino mu 1906 ndipo adalonjezedwa ndi mbadwo wachinyamata wa oimba aku Russia otsogozedwa ndi N. Myaskovsky ndi S. Prokofiev.

G. Zhdanova