Viola - Chida Choyimba

Poyang'ana koyamba, womvera wosazindikira amatha kusokoneza chida chopindika ichi ndi a violin. Zoonadi, kupatula kukula kwake, amafanana kunja. Koma munthu ayenera kumvetsera timbre yake - kusiyana kumawonekera nthawi yomweyo, pachifuwa ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo modabwitsa phokoso lofewa komanso losamveka bwino limafanana ndi contralto - yofewa komanso yofotokozera.

Poganizira za zoimbira za zingwe, viola nthawi zambiri imayiwalika mokomera zida zake zazing'ono kapena zazikulu, koma timbre yolemera komanso mbiri yosangalatsa imapangitsa kuti iwonekere pafupi. Viola ndi chida cha filosofi, popanda kukopa chidwi, adakhazikika m'gulu la oimba pakati pa violin ndi cello.

Werengani mbiri ya Viola ndi mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa za chida ichi choimbira patsamba lathu.

Viola kuwomba

Wolankhula, wolankhula bwino, wolemekezeka, wowoneka bwino, womvera, wamphamvu, ndipo nthawi zina wophimbidwa - umu ndi momwe mungafotokozere mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya viola. Kumveka kwake sikungakhale komveka komanso kowala ngati kwa a violin, koma yotentha kwambiri komanso yofewa.

Kapangidwe kake kokongola ka timbre kamabwera chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kosiyanasiyana ka chingwe chilichonse cha chidacho. Chingwe chotsikitsitsa cha "C" chili ndi timbre yamphamvu, yowoneka bwino, yolemera yomwe imatha kufotokozera zakutsogolo ndikudzutsa malingaliro okhumudwa komanso okhumudwa. Ndipo "la" wapamwamba, mosiyana kwambiri ndi zingwe zina, ali ndi khalidwe lake: wamoyo komanso wokonda moyo.

Oyimba ambiri odziwika bwino adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a viola: mu "1812" ndi PI Tchaikovsky - nyimbo ya mpingo; mu opera "Mfumukazi ya Spades" - kuyimba kwa asisitere mu chithunzi cha 5, pamene Herman akuperekedwa ndi mwambo wamaliro; mu DD Shostakovich symphony "1905" - nyimbo ya nyimbo "You fell a victim".

Viola Photo:

Mfundo Zokondweretsa za viola

• Oyimba kwambiri ngati NDI Bach , VA Mozart , LV Beethoven , A. Dvorak , B. Britten, P. Hindemith ankaimba viola.
• Andrea Amati anali wotchuka kwambiri wopanga violin m'nthawi yake, ndipo mu 1565 Mfumu Charles IX ya ku France inamulamula kuti apange zida 38 (violin, violas ndi cellos) kwa oimba a nyumba yachifumu. Zambiri mwazojambulazi zidawonongeka panthawi ya Revolution ya France, koma viola imodzi idapulumuka ndipo imatha kuwonedwa ku Ashmolean Museum ku Oxford. Ndi yayikulu, ndi kutalika kwa thupi 47 cm.
• Wina wodziwika bwino viola, pa thupi lomwe linkawonetsedwa mtanda, linapangidwa ndi ana a Amati. Chidacho chinali cha woyimba zemba wotchuka LA Bianchi.
• Viola ndi mauta opangidwa ndi ambuye otchuka ndi osowa kwambiri, kotero viola yopangidwa ndi A. Stradivari kapena A. Guarneri ndi okwera mtengo kuposa violin ndi ambuye omwewo.
• Oyimba violin ambiri otchuka monga: Niccolo Paganini , David Oistrakh, Nigel Kennedy, Maxim Vengerov, Yehudi Menuhin ophatikizidwa bwino ndipo amaphatikizabe kusewera viola ndi kusewera violin.
• M’zaka za m’ma 1960, gulu loimba la rock la ku America The Velvet Underground, gulu la rock la English The Who, ndipo masiku ano Van Morrison, magulu a rock a Goo Goo Dolls, ndi Vampire Weekend onse amaonetsa chiwawa kwambiri m’makonzedwe awo. nyimbo ndi Albums.
• Mayina a chida m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana ndi osangalatsa: French - alto; Chiitaliya ndi Chingerezi - viola; Finnish - alttoviulu; German - bratsche.
• Yu. Bashmet adadziwika kuti ndiye woyimba zemba wabwino kwambiri munthawi yathu. Kwa zaka 230, iye anali woyamba amene analoledwa kuimba chida cha VA Mozart mu Salzburg. Woimba waluso uyu adabwerezanso nyimbo yonse yomwe idalembedwera viola - pafupifupi zidutswa 200 za nyimbo, zomwe 40 zidapangidwa ndikudzipereka kwa iye ndi olemba amasiku ano.

• Yuri Bashmet akusewerabe viola, yomwe adagula ma ruble 1,500 mu 1972. Mnyamatayo adapeza ndalama m'madisco akuimba nyimbo zochokera ku Beatles' repertoire pa gitala. Chidachi ndi chazaka zopitilira 200 ndipo chidapangidwa ndi mmisiri waku Italy Paolo Tastore mu 1758.
• Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ziwombankhanga linali ndi osewera 321 ndipo linasonkhanitsidwa ndi bungwe la Portuguese Violists Association ku Suggia Concert Hall ku Porto, Portugal pa Marichi 19, 2011.
• Oimba zachiwawa ndi anthu otchuka kwambiri mu nthabwala za orchestral ndi nthabwala.

Ntchito zodziwika bwino za viola:

VA Mozart: Concertante Symphony ya Violin, Viola ndi Orchestra (mverani)

Audio Player A. Vietan - Sonata wa viola ndi piyano (mverani)

A. Schnittke – Concerto for viola ndi orchestra (mverani)

Kupanga kwa Viola

Kunja, viola ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi violin, kusiyana kokhako n’chakuti ndi yaikulu pang’ono kukula kwake kuposa vayolini.

Viola imakhala ndi zigawo zofanana ndi violin: mapepala awiri - kumtunda ndi kumunsi, mbali, fretboard, masharubu, maimidwe, bolodi, wokondedwa ndi ena - zinthu zonse za 70. Phokoso lapamwamba la mawu limakhala ndi mabowo ofanana ndi violin, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "efs". Popanga viola, zitsanzo zabwino zokhazokha za nkhuni zakale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimakhala ndi vanishi, zopangidwa ndi ambuye malinga ndi maphikidwe awo apadera.

Kutalika kwa thupi la viola kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera 350 mpaka 430 mm. Utali wa utawo ndi 74 cm ndipo ndi wolemera pang'ono kuposa wa violin.

Viola ili ndi zingwe zinayi zomwe zimayikidwa pansi pachisanu kuposa zingwe za violin.

Miyeso ya viola sichigwirizana ndi mapangidwe ake, chifukwa ichi kutalika kwa thupi la chidacho kuyenera kukhala osachepera 540 mm, ndipo kwenikweni 430 mm ndiyeno wamkulu kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, viola ndi yaying'ono kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kukonzedwa kwake - ichi ndi chifukwa cha timbre yake yayikulu komanso phokoso losiyana.

 Viola ilibe "zodzaza" ndipo zimatha kukula kuchokera ku "zokulirapo kuposa violin" kupita ku viola zazikulu. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kukula kwa viola, kumamveka bwino kwambiri. Komabe, woimba amasankha chida chomwe chili choyenera kuti azisewera, zonse zimadalira kamangidwe ka woimbayo, kutalika kwa mikono yake ndi kukula kwa dzanja.

Masiku ano, viola ikukhala chida chodziwika kwambiri. Opanga akupitiriza kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti apititse patsogolo makhalidwe ake apadera a sonic ndikupanga zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, viola yamagetsi ilibe thupi lamayimbidwe, popeza palibe chifukwa, chifukwa phokoso likuwoneka mothandizidwa ndi amplifiers ndi maikolofoni.

Ntchito ndi repertoire

Viola imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu oimba a symphony ndipo, monga lamulo, imaphatikizapo zida 6 mpaka 10. Poyamba, viola ankatchedwa mopanda chilungamo "Cinderella" wa oimba, chifukwa ngakhale kuti chida ichi chili ndi timbre wolemera ndi phokoso lapamwamba, sichinavomerezedwe kwambiri.

Timbre ya viola imaphatikizidwa bwino ndi phokoso la zida zina, monga violin, cello, zeze, awo, nyanga - zonse zomwe zili mbali ya okhestra ya chipinda. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti viola ili ndi malo ofunikira mu quartet ya chingwe, pamodzi ndi ma violin awiri ndi cello.

Ngakhale kuti viola amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu nyimbo zoyimba ndi orchestra, ikudziwikanso ngati chida choimbira payekha. Oyamba kubweretsa chidacho ku siteji yaikulu anali oimba nyimbo zachingelezi L. Tertis ndi W. Primrose.

N'zosathekanso kutchula mayina a ochita bwino kwambiri monga Y. Bashmet, V. Bakaleinikov, S. Kacharyan, T. Zimmerman, M. Ivanov, Y. Kramarov, M. Rysanov, F. Druzhinin, K. Kashkashyan, D. Shebalin, U Primrose, R. Barshai ndi ena.

Laibulale yanyimbo ya viola, poyerekeza ndi zida zina, si yaikulu kwambiri, koma posachedwapa nyimbo zambiri za izo zatuluka pansi pa cholembera cha olemba. Nawu mndandanda wawung'ono wa ntchito zapayekha zomwe zidalembedwera viola: concertos ndi B. Bartok , P. Hindemith, W. Walton, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke , D. Milhaud, E. Kreutz, K. Penderetsky; sonatas ndi M. Glinka , D. Shostakovich, I. Brahms, N. Roslavets, R. Schumann, A. Hovaness, I. David, B. Zimmerman, H. Henz.

Njira zamasewera a Viola

Kodi mungatani kuti mukhale ndi chidwi chotani? Его большой корпус плюс длина грифа требуют от музыканта немалую силу ndi ловкость, ведь исполнение на этом инструменте словые. Из-за больших размеров альта техника игры, по сравнению скрипкой, несколько ограничена. Zolemba pa грифе располагаются дальше, что требует большой растяжки пальцев левой руки у исполнителя.

Njira yayikulu yotulutsira mawu pa viola ndi "arco" - kusuntha uta pamodzi ndi zingwe. Pizzicato, col lego, martle, mwatsatanetsatane, legato, staccato, spiccato, tremolo, portamento, ricochet, harmonics, kugwiritsa ntchito osalankhula ndi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba violin nazonso zimakhudzidwa ndi oimba, koma amafuna luso linalake kuchokera kwa woimba. Mfundo inanso iyenera kuyang'aniridwa: omvera, kuti azitha kulemba ndi kuwerenga zolemba, ali ndi clef yawo - alto, komabe, ayenera kuwerenga zolemba mu treble clef. Izi zimabweretsa zovuta komanso zovuta mukamasewera kuchokera papepala.

Kuphunzitsa viola muubwana sikutheka, monga chida chachikulu. Amayamba kuphunzira m'makalasi otsiriza a sukulu ya nyimbo kapena m'chaka choyamba cha sukulu ya nyimbo.

Mbiri ya viola

Mbiri ya viola ndi banja lotchedwa violin ndizogwirizana kwambiri. M'mbuyomu nyimbo zachikale, viola, ngakhale idanyalanyazidwa m'mbali zambiri, idachita mbali yofunika kwambiri.

Kuchokera m’mipukutu yakale ya m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, timaphunzira kuti dziko la India linali malo obadwirako zida za zingwe zoweramira. Zida zinayenda ndi amalonda kumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, poyamba zinafika kwa Aperisi, Aarabu, anthu aku North Africa ndipo kenako m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ku Ulaya. 

Banja la violin la viola lidawonekera ndipo lidayamba kukula pafupifupi 1500 ku Italy kuchokera ku zida zoweramira zakale. Maonekedwe a viola, monga akunenera lero, sanapangidwe, zinali zotsatira za kusinthika kwa zida zam'mbuyo ndi kuyesa kwa ambuye osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse chitsanzo chabwino. 

Ena amatsutsa kuti viola isanakhale vayolin. Mtsutso wamphamvu wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi uli m’dzina la chidacho. Choyamba viola, kenako viol + ino - alto yaing'ono, soprano alto, viol + imodzi - yaikulu alto, bass alto, viol + pa + cello (yaing'ono kuposa violone) - bass alto yaying'ono. Izi ndizomveka, Njira imodzi kapena imzake, koma oyamba omwe adapanga zida za violin anali ambuye a ku Italy ochokera ku Cremona - Andrea Amati ndi Gasparo da Solo, ndipo anawabweretsa ku ungwiro, ndendende ndi mawonekedwe amakono, Antonio Stradivari ndi Andrea Guarneri. Zida za ambuyewa zakhalapo mpaka lero ndipo zikupitirizabe kukondweretsa omvera ndi mawu awo. Mapangidwe a viola sanasinthe kwambiri kuyambira pachiyambi, kotero maonekedwe a chida chomwe timachidziwa ndi chofanana ndi zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.

Amisiri a ku Italy anapanga viola zazikulu zomwe zinkamveka zodabwitsa. Koma panali chododometsa: oimba anasiya viola zazikulu ndikusankha zida zazing'ono - zinali zosavuta kuzisewera. Ambuye, pokwaniritsa malamulo a ochita masewerawo, anayamba kupanga viola, zomwe zinali zazikulu pang'ono kuposa violin ndipo zinali zochepa mu kukongola kwa phokoso kwa zida zakale.

Viola ndi chida chodabwitsa. Kwa zaka za kukhalapo kwake, adakwanitsa kusintha kuchokera ku "orchestral Cinderella" yosadziwika kukhala kalonga ndikukwera pamlingo womwewo monga "mfumukazi ya siteji" - violin. Oimba odziwika bwino, ataphwanya malingaliro onse, adatsimikizira dziko lonse kuti chida ichi ndi chokongola komanso chodziwika bwino, komanso wolemba. K. Gluck adayika maziko a izi, ndikuyika nyimbo yayikulu mu opera "Alceste" kwa viola.

Viola FAQ

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa violin ndi alt?

Zida zonsezi ndi zingwe, koma Alt imamveka m'kaundula wapansi. Zida zonsezi zili ndi dongosolo lofanana: pali vulture ndi kesi, zingwe zinayi. Komabe, alt ndi wamkulu kuposa violin kukula kwake. Nyumba yake imatha kutalika mpaka 445 mm, komanso chiwombankhanga cha Alta ndichotalika kuposa cha violin.

Chovuta ndi chiyani kusewera viola kapena violin?

Amakhulupirira kuti ndi kosavuta kusewera pa Alt (viola) kusiyana ndi violin, ndipo mpaka posachedwapa, ALT sankatengedwa ngati chida chokha.

Kodi phokoso la Viola ndi chiyani?

Zingwe za Viola zimapangidwira pazitsulo zomwe zili pansi pa violin ndi pa octave pamwamba pa cello - C, G, D1, A1 (ku, Salt of the Small Oktava, Re, La First Oktava). Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri imachokera ku C (mpaka octave yaing'ono) mpaka E3 (octave yanga yachitatu), mawu apamwamba amapezeka muzolemba zaumwini.